Lina Khan On Zohran Mamdani, Corporate Welfare & the FTC | The Weekly Show with Jon Stewart

LINA KHAN: Just a few days ago, before we saw the deal. in the Senate, I saw reported in The Wall Street Journal. that the FAA had started telling people. that their private jets might not. be able to land as easily at some of the busiest airports. And it was a really interesting question. Like, should private Jets have been stopped on day. one of the shutdown maybe? JON STEWART: They're exempted. They're the essential workers. How else would we get charcuterie? I believe charcuterie is flown to the United States purely.

by private jet. [MUSIC PLAYING]. Hey, everybody. Welcome to The Weekly Show podcast. My name is Jon Stewart. I will be your host for today's program, this Wednesday, November 12. You're probably getting it on Thursday. You're probably right now reading through the 22,000. pages of emails that Jeffrey Epstein talked. about with Donald Trump. It gets deeper and darker as we speak.

But I am focused on the future, and especially. the future of the great city of New York. City and this great nation. And we are always delighted in those moments. to talk to somebody who's got her hand. in a variety of those issues. So let's get to our guest. [MUSIC PLAYING]. We're very excited to have her. She's the former chair of the FTC.

I'm going to say that's Federal Trade Commission. I really don't even know. I just like to say FTC. Teaching at Columbia, last week joined. Zohran Mamdani's transition team, where. she is also the co-chair. So please welcome Lina Khan. LINA KHAN: Great to be here. JON STEWART: Hello. LINA KHAN: Hi. JON STEWART: You're co-chair of the Mamdani. campaign transition team. LINA KHAN: That's right. JON STEWART: When does the new mayor. take over in New York City? LINA KHAN: He gets sworn on January 1, 2026. JON STEWART: Literally, drop the ball, boom.

LINA KHAN: That's right. JON STEWART: Does it happen actually at midnight? LINA KHAN: I think there's some discretion. on when he formally takes the oath and gets sworn in. But I understand, once that calendar changes, he gets to be mayor. JON STEWART: Can I make the pitch? Sworn in by Seacrest. As soon as the ball drops, Mariah Carey. on one side wearing, like, kind of a white wool or fur Snuggie. Maybe on the other side, Boyz II Men. And then he delivers it right in Times Square.

I'm the new mayor. Let's do this. LINA KHAN: Yeah, we'll share that proposal with him. JON STEWART: By the way, thank you for referring. to it as a proposal. I think that gives it a certain amount of efficiency. Now, for you, how different is your duties with a mayoral sort. of transition team versus what you were. doing on the federal level? I don't-- first of all, what are the economic levers. that a mayor has in a city like New York that you can affect?

LINA KHAN: Yeah, it's a great question. I mean, it does look pretty different. When I was at the Federal Trade Commission, my job was squarely to enforce the antitrust and consumer. protection laws at the federal level. And at the city level, the economic toolkit. is much broader than just antitrust and. consumer protection. JON STEWART: Broader? LINA KHAN: Broader, yes. I mean, you have more limited impact in that. your jurisdiction is New York City, but you have all sorts of tools at your disposal. And we've seen that in part through some of the proposals.

that Mayor-elect Mamdani ran on in terms. of what he's thinking about for the rent, for childcare, for buses. And so they have agencies that look a little bit like the FTC. in terms of some of the consumer protection tools, but they also have agencies that are focused. on small businesses, how do we create a more level playing. field for them, as well as agencies that are thinking. about economic development, and do we. want to do economic development in the city in a way that's. very skewed towards big corporate interests,

or do we want to have, again, more of a level playing field. JON STEWART: Oh, I'm going to say skewed. towards corporate interests. I feel like, what could go wrong? That sounds like it's worked for us for the past 50 years. I don't know why. Why would we change horses now, Lina? LINA KHAN: I mean, I think New York City is demanding it. I think his win was a pretty decisive rejection. of the politics of the past and a real desire to turn the page. JON STEWART: Now, it's interesting you bring this up. So I wonder if New York City, how eccentric it is. So you're talking about different things, tax.

policy and things like that. Obviously, the city council and the governor of New York. also have a role to play in a lot of those different areas. How much does the chief executive. in New York, the mayor, affect those policies? Or is it lobbying those policies? What's the-- is it executive action? Does he have to get the city council on board. for those types of things? What are the limits to that? LINA KHAN: Yeah, it's a great question. So there are going to be certain provisions where he's. going to need to have to work closely with city council.

or with the governor, including relating to some of what. the tax proposals could be. But there are agencies within his jurisdiction. that the mayor has standalone authority to sue. So if you find corporate lawbreakers, you can use the DCWP, department that. is focused on consumer and worker protection, to take that on. JON STEWART: That's more in line with the things. that you used to do, those types of enforcement actions. LINA KHAN: That's right.

As well as thinking about just what. are the levers within New York City that the mayor can. unilaterally use to make life better for working people here. JON STEWART: It's such an interesting dichotomy, Lina. And let's talk a little bit about the dynamics, sort. of dynamics and incentives. Whenever someone comes along-- and I think you're seeing this. with Mamdani now, who is suggesting that the balance. of power is inequitable--. the people that have the power say, oh, then we're going to leave.

You can't do this. We're going to leave. We're not going to make that. How do you create these policies--. because we all know capital can travel. Labor can't. It's one of the advantages capital. has, and we saw that with globalization. How does that dynamic play out in a city like New York? Every time someone talks about that more populist agenda, those that have been accruing the power and the finance say,

how dare you. We're leaving. How does that affect the way that you design the incentive. policies for New York City? LINA KHAN: Well, you always have. to think about what might the consequences. of certain policy choices be. But it's also important to look m what evidence do we have? What empirical data is there about. what has happened in the past, when we have increased taxes? And there have been studies showing that, for example, when.

New Jersey raised its top income tax rate on high earners. by several percent a couple of decades ago, the state's millionaire population actually increased. And similarly, there are a bunch. of studies that show that that threat of capital flight. is oftentimes overstated as a threat. and doesn't actually materialize. I know the mayor-elect has also talked about how, in his conversations, including with business owners, CEOs, they've talked about actually having a New York City where.

working people can afford to live here, where. their employees can afford to live here, is something that would be good for their businesses. in the long term, too. JON STEWART: Right. And have they been-- rhetoric in a campaign. is different than the rhetoric once somebody is the victor. How conciliatory has the more vocal business-- you know, I saw Bill Ackman, who is, as you know, New York's favorite billionaire. I don't know if you know that. We have quite a few, and he's our favorite. But he wrote know a tweet saying he'd put a lot of.

money up. I mean, billionaires put a lot of money up. Michael Bloomberg put, what is it, $8 million. up to try and stop Mamdani. So now, how conciliatory is that? How real are their threats? LINA KHAN: Yeah. I mean, look, I know feelings ran high during the campaign. I think many of them are now coming to terms. with the reality, and going to have to see what happens. and how they choose to act. JON STEWART: Does that even matter? Lina, I want to ask you, because they do. say people have fled to Florida and Texas.

Does the city actually suffer in those times? It doesn't seem like millionaires leaving the city. is the threat they think it is, I guess is what I'm getting at. LINA KHAN: I mean, I'd say a couple of things. Look, you always want to be mindful of what's. going to happen to the tax base, but I think the question that Mayor-elect Mamdani was asking. was, well, working people are already fleeing New York. They're already having to leave New York because they. can't afford to live here. And shouldn't we care about that, too?

And his campaign has been explicitly to make this a place. where bus drivers, janitors, security guards, teachers, people who are kind of keeping the day-to-day running. of this city, where they have a chance as well. And I think that's the part of the conversation. that we too often don't focus enough on, and that's what he's trying to solve for. JON STEWART: I think that's a great point, Lina. And it's also when you talk about-- we. all remember, in the pandemic, there was the essential worker. The essential worker is what makes. this city go, the teacher, the bus driver, the sanitation.

And essential workers is basically just--. it seems like a phrase we use for people we don't pay enough. We think that, well, if you just call them essential, well, look, we're not going to pay you enough, but that's hell of a compliment. You're essential. But we don't treat them as such. Now that he's getting in there, what are some of the policies. that we can do to level that out, to give the essential worker the types of economic benefits.

that the complement would lend itself to? LINA KHAN: Yeah. I mean, look, he ran on talking about how we need to freeze. the rent, but also need to make it easier to build. more housing in New York. It's no secret that housing is just. so, so expensive for people here and only. getting more expensive. One of the biggest line items for families is childcare. And New York made big strides with having universal pre-K. and increasingly 3k, but having that.

expanded is going to be something that's going. to bring costs down. Beyond that, we saw at the FTC that there. are all sorts of drivers of high prices for people. If you think about health care markets. and why are big pharma companies able to get away. with certain forms of price gouging, I spent a lot of time. at the FTC talking to small businesses, including independent grocers, independent pharmacists, who increasingly are also being squeezed out of the market, not because their communities don't love them,

but because they're being squeezed by a big middleman. somewhere at the top. And so those are the types of dynamics. that I know the mayor-elect is really interested in. I think in his campaign, you a lot of people. are talking about, look, the big lesson is. he focused on affordability. He was laser focused on cost of living, and that's absolutely true. But he also displayed a real curiosity. He went out on the streets of New York, and he asked the halal cart driver, why has chicken. and rice gone from $8 to $10?

What have been the explicit drivers of higher costs? Or to go to the bodega and ask the same. And I think all too often, that type of basic curiosity. and an interest in learning from the people who are living. these realities day to day is just not something that we. see enough in our politics. It's something I tried to model at the FTC, and people would say, candidly, this is the first time. a bureaucrat has even taken interest in how. are these markets working. The other thing I'll note about what he did was he.

didn't just pretend like it was some fact of nature. or some inevitability that prices are higher. and people are getting squeezed. He said, there is a cause here. And when that cause is corporate lawbreakers. or concentrated corporate interests, I'm not going to hesitate to call that out. And so I think people want, yes, a relentless. focus on affordability, but they also want somebody. with the courage to call that out. and to actually demand accountability. from the set of actors that have been profiting as people.

are getting squeezed. And so I think that combination of focus, but also courage, is what's been so unique about him. JON STEWART: Two points on that. One, when you talk about talking to the halal driver, it really speaks of access. Politicians, in my experience, don't actually. have access to those people. That is, those are not the people they interact with. The people they interact with are lobbyists. They're lobbyists, they're fundraisers, they're pollsters, they're consultants, but they don't actually.

have an interest or at least act on the interest. of talking to the real people that. are dealing with those prices. So I think that is a phenomenal point, is to get outside of the bubble that generally. surrounds the political industrial complex. and get to those things. And the second part is the market drivers of prices, because I think it's really complex.

It's not as easy as just changing a couple of the dials. So let's talk about those market drivers. of, like, chicken and rice. Small businesses-- and you've dealt with this--. don't get the same wholesale prices that big businesses get. If you're Walmart or Costco, you're. buying things from the very same distributors at a lower. price than what somebody who is just trying. to run a small business does.

Would that be correct? LINA KHAN: That's right. And we would have small businesses tell us. that if they walked into a Walmart or a Costco, the retail price at those stores, the price. on the shelves at those stores, is. lower than the wholesale price a small business is getting. JON STEWART: Lower than the wholesale price? LINA KHAN: That's right. And so there are huge disparities here. That type of price discrimination. can actually be illegal. It was something that Congress outlawed. JON STEWART: Really?

LINA KHAN: Yeah, in something called the Robinson-Patman act. of 1936, '37. JON STEWART: Sure, sure. I always thought I always thought Robinson-Patman. was '39, but OK. OK. LINA KHAN: We'll have to look it up after. JON STEWART: Fair enough. LINA KHAN: But right after, there was basically a real fear. that the expansion of big chain stores. was squeezing out small, independent grocers. JON STEWART: Which it has. LINA KHAN: Which it has, but it's really important. to make a distinction between when big stores are actually. more efficient and so can produce lower.

prices for that reason, versus when are they just getting. lower prices because of their raw muscle. and their raw bargaining power and demanding lower prices, or they'll walk away. And so the law was really about preventing that type of buyer. power from being weaponized, but saying, look, if it's genuinely cheaper to do business with a Walmart. or a Costco on the merits, those savings. can be passed along. But you can't just allow the big guys. to use their sheer heft and muscle and bargaining.

power to demand lower prices than what independents can get. And so this is a big issue. There's actually discussion in New York about passing. a state-level price discrimination law, which. would, again, be something that city enforcers could enforce. You asked earlier, what are the levers? And one of my key areas focus as part of the transition. has been making sure that we actually. know the full set of tools that the mayor has at his disposal.

Because all too often, what we've seen. is that there can be a kind of a great forgetting. of what are the authorities that. government actually even has. And just because something hasn't. been used in recent decades, we've. kind of forgotten about it. And so we want to make sure we know all of those tools. Governor Hochul actually has recently signed some new bills. into law, including one that would prevent price fixing. through algorithm by landlords, prevent. certain kinds of junk fees. And so we want to make sure that those new laws can.

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This is such a fascinating show. We'll get into the weeds now on incentives and dynamics, because it's so fascinating. What you talked about with Walmart and Costco--. and I threw those names, not you, but larger chains that are using their heft. just to drive a better price. Sounds like bargaining. I'll give you five of those for $10. How about this. Give me 10 of them at a lower--. give it 10 for eight.

That seems like the general way that people do business. If I'm going to give you a bigger order, you're going to shave some of per piece cost out of it. because I'm giving you a lot. That seems fair to me. When does that fairness move into an externality? When does it start to skew markets? And how do you even make that decision.

as to when does it start to hurt the small businesses? And then the second part of that question. is, when I look at government, I. see one of its important roles as being a check on the power. of corporate interest. The one branch of government that the founders never. really clued in there was corporate power and how. do we check that. Are those two dynamics at odds with each other?

You're trying to make sure that corporate size doesn't. disadvantage small business. At the same time, you want to use. government size to drive better incentives. and prices for people. Does that make sense to you? LINA KHAN: Yeah. I mean, on your first question, it's absolutely true. that if there are genuine cost efficiencies to be selling.

higher volumes to some of these big box stores, that can be reflected in lower prices. But what we sometimes hear from small businesses, there are all sorts of cooperatives where basically 10. retailers will be able to band together and put. in an order that matches the size of the order of one. of the big box stores. And so if you're matching the size of the order, you should also get that same price. JON STEWART: Sure. LINA KHAN: But they're not. Oftentimes they're not. They're actually still being discriminated.

against, even when they're seeking the same volume. And that's where this discrimination comes. in, where you're not treating like equally. based on the price. And that's because oftentimes the big box stores are saying. not just I want a good price, but I. want a lower price than what you're giving my rivals. And that's when it can slide into forms. of unfair discrimination. On your second question, you're asking, are these things in tension with one. another, the idea that we want government. to check corporate power, but we also want the market to be.

an area of free commerce? JON STEWART: That is correct. That is my question. By the way, that is a much better framing of my question. From now on, when you come on, I'm. going to have you write your own questions, and then you're just going to ask yourself. And I'm just going to sit here and nod, because that was a much smarter way of putting it. LINA KHAN: I mean, look, I think we want markets where. people can get a fair shot. And part of what the government's role is, is to set the rules of what fair competition looks like.

So in the same way that it's not permissible to compete. by burning down your rival's store, there are certain types of rules. of how you can compete in other types of terms of dealing. and that sort of thing. It's also really important, and I think this moment is really. showcasing it starkly, how the concentration of economic power. and the concentration of political power. can actually work hand in hand.

And so having markets that are open and fair and competitive. was seen as a good in and of itself, because we didn't want economic coercion. and economic tyrants oppressing people. But we also want that as of a way. to ensure that political tyrants, political authoritarians can't use monopolies as a tool, as a weapon. And unfortunately, over the last 10 months, we've seen how that's been working hand in hand. JON STEWART: And how much it's been consolidated. We had two Congress people on the show.

Deluzio and Ryan were talking about the Department of Defense. or Department of War, whatever it's called, and how years ago, there were 50 defense contractors. Now there's five. And by reducing that, you really don't have an option, and you start to see the corruption. seep into it as you narrow the field of what your options are. But monopolies and competition can't be the only way.

How robust do you advocate for government action? For instance, let's talk about the pharmaceutical market or. the insurance company market. It's not necessarily just monopolies that cause it. It's that the industries themselves. do not lend themselves to market dynamics well. Like health care. Health care just doesn't lend itself to competition. When you get a heart attack, you don't think, you know what?

Take me to the hospital 10 miles away. That's a much cheaper heart attack unit, and I'm going to get a better price on my open heart surgery. when I go there. Like, people don't comparison shop. So what is government action look like in those markets, where even if you gave it the most even playing field, it wouldn't function that way? LINA KHAN: I mean, people don't even know what the price is. You can't kind of price compare on even.

a knee replacement surgery. I mean, there's so much opacity. And it's true. There have been so many factors across health that. have basically made these markets not function. as real markets, not having access to price, not. real transparency, not real choice. just being a few aspects of that. And we have seen that with health care companies, they've both been consolidating, but also. vertically integrating. So your health insurer is also the pharmacy is also now buying.

up all the doctors, and so you're basically just seeing. these huge conglomerates that are. further just distorting even the possibility. of having competition. I mean, I think historically, there's. been a whole toolbox of economic levers. that the government has to shape markets. Promoting more competition through antitrust and. anti-monopoly is one of them. But we've also had things like public options. When should the government itself. be a player in a market to make sure that there's.

a player that's not being driven by the same motives. or narrow incentives as the private guys. and is providing a check on them? We also have seen certain types of utility. rules, price caps, nondiscrimination, mandatory interoperability. These were the kinds of things we applied. to the railroads, the banks. We long had a rule that said, there has to be a separation. between banking and commerce. So if you're a commercial bank in this country,

you can't also be a retailer. JON STEWART: That was the Glass-Steagall. Was that the law that said, you were not allowed. to be a lender and an investment bank, you had to separate those? LINA KHAN: Glass-Steagall was a parallel rule. to the separation of banking and commerce, but this idea was the same. You want to prevent certain conflicts of interest. If your banks or your railroads are playing. such a hugely important role in providing credit. to the rest of the economy, providing transportation, you don't want their incentives to be skewed.

by being able to give themselves. a leg up in the retail market. And so those are some types of rules. It was interesting. We even saw Governor-elect Mikie Sherrill talk about price. caps on utility rates. JON STEWART: Right, because the electricity bills in New Jersey. went up 20% kind of overnight. So what about that? So we're told that if government intervenes. in those markets, ones that are so clearly. skewed, that that's socialism.

If they intervene on behalf of the consumer into those markets. or try any kind of price cap or public option, that's socialism. But when the government intervenes on behalf. of those corporations, whether it be for subsidies. or whether it be for allowing them to skew the markets. through unfair competition, or like now we're seeing with AI, buying up all the other smaller AI firms. and putting them behind a wall so that they can control.

them, why has that been the distinction, and what's the reality? How many times has a government, they might say, price control might not work, or. a public option puts all those other industries out. of business. What is the reality of it? Because I come down on the idea that government. should intervene on behalf of the consumer. LINA KHAN: And just to give a very clear example here, one of the things that the last administration did. was introduce something called direct file,

and this was basically a place where people could file. their taxes through a government-owned service. so you don't have to go to TurboTax and H&R Block, which. are companies that have been found breaking. the law in all sorts of ways. They would advertise their services as free, free, free, but actually it would not be free for most. customers, all sorts of bait and switch tactics. JON STEWART: Oh, wow. LINA KHAN: And they had heavily lobbied for decades. to prevent the government from offering a free option. in the marketplace.

The government rolled this out. There were all sorts of speculation. Oh, the government is incompetent, inept. This thing was smooth. It worked flawlessly. The customer reviews of it were off the charts, and this administration just shut it down. That was a public option for filing your taxes, something everybody has to do so you don't have to dole out. all of this money to these private firms that are just. trying to make a quick buck and figure out how can they trick. or trap you into paying more. And, I think there are just all sorts.

of opportunities for government to make markets more fair. Even the governor-elect in Virginia. talked about having a public-owned pharmacy. benefit manager as a way to bring down some of the costs. So there's been a lot of focus on the mayor-elect's policies. on freezing the rent or of public-owned grocery stores. But it's been interesting to see that, actually, questions. around price caps or public options is something. that other Democrats have been running on as well. JON STEWART: As someone who was involved in the lever,

so you're looking at all the tools. So you look up there. You've got antitrust. What do you think is the smarter option. long-term for markets? Is it a more robust antitrust, figuring out how. to make competition fairer? Or is it more government intervention into the markets. through that public option? If you're turning the dials, which one. do you think is more crucial and more effective?

LINA KHAN: I think it really depends on the markets. I think there are markets that, as you said, just don't lend themselves to vigorous competition. Think about telecom or railroads, just areas of infrastructure. And we saw various points, municipalities trying. to roll out municipal-owned broadband. because the private companies that were rolling it out. didn't have the right incentives. There were certain neighborhoods. they didn't want to serve. They were able to price gouge people.

There are going to be markets that I think competition can. get the job done, if we have vigorous enforcers making sure. that firms aren't using underhanded or illegal tactics. to muscle out their rivals. But it really has to be a market-by-market analysis. I think health care is an interesting example, because it's this funny combination of the government. already playing a big role, but also then. certain parts of the market, being reliant. entirely on private companies. And I think that's when you can see a lot of distortions.

And there have been so many allegations of fraud. by the big companies, all sorts of opacity. And so that one is really ripe for shaking up. JON STEWART: So let's talk about health care, because that's a big one. And maybe this talks about the way. that government inserts themselves into markets, and maybe, is that the proper way for them to do it? So you're right about health care. We have these health care costs are. rising faster than inflation.

You have all these people that can't afford. to get insurance to even get them into the game. to do that sort of thing. And then you have, as we talked about, other kinds of externalities. So the government idea is, hey, we've. got Medicare and Medicaid. Those are public options, generally very popular, obviously, Medicaid is not as much because that means. that you're below a certain income level, but Medicare certainly is. But what the government decided to do. is rather than to give that for everybody,

they were going to just make sure that they subsidized. a private insurance market. Are we seeing government, when it decides to just feed. middlemen subsidies with no cost controls, skewing markets not for the better, like the ACA? I could make the argument that skews the market for the worse. It drives up premium costs.

It promises billion-dollar insurance companies. a customer base forever. What's your opinion on those kinds of interventions. and if that's the right way to change things? LINA KHAN: I think you're absolutely right to be thinking. about, what incentives did we really create through basically. guaranteeing these companies a customer base, through guaranteeing them certain government subsidies? Unfortunately, I do think that the reality on the ground. is, yes, more people have insurance,

but more people are also running GoFundMe campaigns. to make sure that they're not getting. crippled by medical bills. And so people are still paying more and more. They're going to see those health. premiums skyrocket now because of what. the Republicans have done. And I just wonder that if you go back. to this basic question of people wondering, what is government really doing for me? Is government really making my life better? I worry that if you're just saying, OK, we're going to make sure it's easier to get insurance,

that you're not being denied insurance because you have. a pre-existing condition, but we're not. also solving for the other drivers of high costs--. people have been having to ration. life saving medicine, including insulin, up until a few years ago. I mean, I would have it the FTC people come to us, tell us about family members they. had lost because those family members were rationing insulin. JON STEWART: And pharmaceuticals. is a great point, Lina. Pharmaceuticals will pull all kinds of craziness. to allow themselves to avoid competition,

especially in terms of the narrow definitions. of their patents. Would that be fair to say? LINA KHAN: That's right. I mean, look, the basic idea with a patent. is, if you innovate, if you bring a fresh new idea. to market, there are certain rewards for that, and we reward that in part through a patent to make sure. there's limited competition for a certain number of years. But beyond that, we're supposed to have generic entry. The patent protection goes away. And what we've seen from the big pharma. companies is an elaborate, sophisticated web.

of tactics to try to extend that patent life. Sometimes they will make minor changes to the underlying drug. just so they can reapply for a patent and keep generics out. JON STEWART: To keep that-- right, to keep the generic. out so that they can keep the prices. high, and artificially so. LINA KHAN: Yeah. I mean, at the FTC, we even saw that with things like asthma. inhalers, which have been around for decades, Americans were sometimes still paying hundreds of dollars out. of pocket, even though asthma inhalers cost as little as $7.

in other countries. And when we looked into that, we. found that some of the pharma companies. had been trying to list patents for things. like the plastic device on the inhaler or the inhaler cap, things that have nothing to do--. JON STEWART: The thing that you pop out before you shake it? LINA KHAN: Yes, exactly. JON STEWART: Yeah. By the way, anytime you want to talk. to an old Jewish man about inhalers, please. do, because I know all the parts. It's like some people, you see them put together. like a rifle really fast.

I can do that with inhalers like it's nothing. LINA KHAN: Important skill to have. JON STEWART: Thank you. But trust me. LINA KHAN: Yeah. I mean, look, when we called them out on it, three of the four companies announced. that they would lower their out-of-pocket costs. to just $35. And so I think there's probably a lot of this low-hanging fruit. in sight, where we're just seeing egregious abuse, that if it's called out by of government officials that. are willing to stand up to them, would really bring down costs. JON STEWART: So let's--. all these points go together in a larger thing.

So let's take a step back. Lina Khan is redesigning the system of incentives. So we'll redesign the system for when markets don't really. function that well, like with health care and utilities. and broadband, those kinds of things that you say, the markets, even left to their own devices, we want them still to innovate, but they're. not going to function properly on their own.

How would you redesign the government's role in those? Would you advocate for always, as you said with the e-filing. and that, for an always-accessible public option. within those markets? LINA KHAN: I think when you look at markets that are really. essential for the necessities of life, those need to be the first order area of focus. for the government, these markets where. people don't have a choice.

Health care is an important one. Food and agriculture is an important one. Day-to-day transportation, especially in a place. like New York City, where you're. so reliant on infrastructure, those. are the core parts of people's day-to-day infrastructure. that we need to make sure they're not getting. squeezed or price gouged. And so I would say that has to be the first layer of focus. And you need to figure out, are these markets where if we just. take on illegal monopolistic practices, that'll be enough to make sure that companies.

aren't price gouging? Or do we need to have more of this public option? Do we need to have more of a rate schedule. that says there are certain price. caps and that sort of thing. JON STEWART: Right. Has that ever been--. tell me about that, the rate schedules. What's been the efficacy of that? Because especially when it comes to things. like electricity, we all talk about global warming. and we've got to do better. But what I see on the horizon is AI using. more water, more electricity. We're going to be squeezed on energy in a way. we haven't been in decades.

LINA KHAN: That's right. And people across the country are seeing their utility. and their electricity bills up precisely. because of these data centers that are sometimes. opening up in their backyards. And a lot of that decision making, I think people are frustrated because this. seems to be done by a private government of sorts. You basically have a small number of executives that. are going to be calling the shots on what. the future trajectory of AI is going to look like, even. though it's guzzling up so much water,

so many public resources. And the question is, who's going. to be left paying for that? Is it really going to be local communities? I mean, there was a stunning moment over the last week where. you had one of the top executives of an AI company. note that maybe there is a big bubble here, and maybe ultimately the government's going to have. to step in as a backstop, basically suggesting there may. need to be a bailout, which goes back to your earlier. question of maybe the government's. already sometimes doing a form of socialism,

but for wealthy interests. And should we just be more real about that? JON STEWART: Lina, this is it! Now we've got the rubber meets the road. because the corporations are people, but they are people that use public resources. They benefit from our water, from our energy, from our stability, from our labor. And yet those things are not compensated for, and taxing them is then seen as their.

get out of jail free card. If you tax us, we will flee. But we don't ever have to acknowledge the amount. of benefit that we get from the public infrastructure that. has been built by tax dollars that is not ours, that is the people's, not the corporations. And when you start from that premise, doesn't this whole thing look a little bit different? LINA KHAN: I think so.

And what was so interesting was, even the ways that we do government shutdowns, what. areas of service get shut down and what areas of service. are still provided is really interesting. And just to give you a small example, at the Federal Trade. Commission, when the government shut down, they shut down the basic hotlines. where people could report fraud, where people could report identity theft. What stayed open was the place that Wall Street. could report their mergers and keep those mergers still going.

JON STEWART: Priorities, Lina. LINA KHAN: And it was really interesting. I mean, just a few days ago, before we saw the deal. in the Senate, I saw reported in The Wall Street Journal. that the FAA had started telling people. that their private jets might not. be able to land as easily at some of the busiest airports. And it was a really interesting question. Like, should private jets have been stopped on day.

one of the shutdown maybe? JON STEWART: They're exempted. They're the essential workers. How else would we get charcuterie? I believe charcuterie is flown through the United. States purely by private jet. It's a shocking-- that's why the response. to Mamdani has been so interesting to me, because Mamdani and Trump--. boy, I don't want to put those two things together, but here we go down that path.

Both have recognized a populist frustration, but only one is cast as a radical. When Trump says, how the hell are we paying. pharmaceutical subsidies, and all these drugs cost us. in America so much more than anywhere else, everyone goes, yeah, that's a smart businessman. When Zohran says that, they go, come on, Stalin, I don't want to hear it. Why is that? LINA KHAN: It's interesting. I mean, this administration has actually.

done things that have put government. more in business's way than any administration. in recent history. I mean, when you have this administration saying, we'll take a golden share. You want this deal to go through? Sure, but the government's going to have certain rights. JON STEWART: And that was U.S. Steel. They had the golden share in U.S. Steel. LINA KHAN: They had the golden share in U.S. Steel. It was reported that when NVIDIA said they wanted. to keep exporting their chips, Trump. demanded a 15% cut of that. JON STEWART: He got 10% of Intel.

for letting them keep their CEO. LINA KHAN: So we have, actually, expansive government. intervention happening all over the place. right now in ways that is unprecedented and maybe. in some instances dangerous. We don't want just arbitrary whim dictating this. But it has been interesting to see that some of the usual. hysterics that we see when some administrations or some elected. officials talk about making markets a little bit more fair, we're not hearing as much right now from those corners.

JON STEWART: No. And when Trump does it, it's always done arbitrarily. And for those people, as an example, look at the companies that get exempted from the larger. tariffs or the companies, like NVIDIA, that the 15% of the chips--. all right. Well, we'll let you do the chips. Well, this country's 95% small business, and they don't have the access. And they're not able to get exempted from those tariffs,

and they get hurt by that. So can you design a system like that, that isn't arbitrary and does not fall as. quickly to corporate lobbying? Because you've probably seen, when you were making decisions, the ferocity of corporate money that came at you. must have been overwhelming. LINA KHAN: Yeah, there was a lot. of money trying to stop the FTC from vigorously. enforcing the law. And I think-- this goes back to an earlier point you made,

which is, who is our government listening to? And one of the things about having these types of positions. of power is that, by default, your feedback loops, your information channels can be. so skewed towards those corporate wealthy interests. And so if you do something that is upsetting them, your phone will be ringing off the hook. You'll be getting a deluge of emails. And so you really need to figure out, how do I make sure my set of data points and inputs.

is not just reflective of one very small set of concentrated. interests, but is actually hearing. from people who might be benefiting from these policies? And I think that's what's so great about what. the mayor-elect has shown, is that he's interested in having. a City Hall where he's not just thinking about the people who. can buy lobbyists or buy newspaper ads, but he is thinking about the teacher and the bus. driver and the security guard. And I think that's also what upsets people who've. had privileged access for so long, being told,

yes, of course, I'll sit down and listen to you, but it's not going to come at the expense of all. these other people I serve. JON STEWART: And what they do is there's an implied threat. in that privileged access, which. is, if you remove our privileged access, the whole system collapses. And that gets to the second part of this. So the first part is, what are smart interventions. the government can make in markets that don't function. appropriately, or where public options should exist for things.

that are more essential? The second part of the equation is trust and order. And if the people don't trust that government intervention. will be done competently, then they. lose the ability to trust that they. will be an effective bulwark against that corporate power. They'd rather throw their lot in. Because that's the thing that always surprises me.

when people say, I don't want the government. involved in that. And you think, well, what--. because the private insurance market. is working so well for you? So how does the government then, on the flip side, earn that trust? How do they do it, so when they do a rural broadband option, they don't spend billions of dollars. and get no rural broadband? Because that's been a huge issue. LINA KHAN: Look, we absolutely need to make sure government is. being effective and efficient. What I saw in my time in government.

is that, yes, there was a bunch of red tape. and unnecessary bureaucracy. It had been put there by people who. wanted to handicap government. JON STEWART: Oh that's interesting. LINA KHAN: Which oftentimes lines. up with the interests of big business. and corporate interests. I mean, just to give you a concrete example, the FTC is able to do consumer protection rules, which. basically means, instead of just suing companies, we can issue a rule that says fake reviews are illegal, or it's illegal to make people jump through all these hoops.

just to cancel a subscription. And when I got to the FTC, I said, look, there's this consumer protection. rulemaking authority. Let's use it. And people said, well, there are so many procedures, it takes five to 10 years just to finalize one rule. And so we looked at what were those procedures, and a lot of them had been put in place gratuitously. There was no requirement in the law. that Congress passed to set the FTC. needs to do all these things.

But one of the legacies of the Reagan administration. had been that they had tied up the agency. in all sorts of red tape, all sorts of bureaucracy. Similarly, we see sometimes when government is thinking. about how do we design policy, it's. actually big business interests, corporate lobbyists. that want it to be more complex, that want it to be more bureaucratic, because they're the ones that will be best positioned. to navigate that bureaucracy and all of those complications. And it's actually small business that oftentimes wants.

just something that's simple, that's clear, they know how to follow it. And so I think we need to look back behind the curtain. and figure out who are the ones that are actually pushing. for government to be more handicapped and more. mired in this red tape. JON STEWART: Hey, listen, the tax. code isn't complicated because poor people made it that way. It's complicated because they kept. trying to dig out all kinds of ways to get around it. LINA KHAN: They want loopholes. JON STEWART: They want loopholes, and they want those--.

I think that point you just made about they're. the ones that are best set up for the complexities. is a great one, because government. really is at a disadvantage. We were over at the SEC, and they're like, we don't have coffee. And the amount of money, corporate money, and the recent Supreme Court decisions. that have allowed more and more of a flood of it. have really put government, I think, and the Americas. people on the back foot. We've seen corporate power increase. exponentially comparatively to the power that people have.

And you see the Supreme Court now neutering. the government's ability to even. regulate certain industries. Will it be possible to do the kinds. of simplifications you're talking about and be competent? And now, we'll talk about it specifically in New York City. I think the federal government is a different agency. But will Mamdani-- is it reasonable to expect that some. of those things that you think will make those interventions.

more efficient or make markets work better, will they able to withstand the money. that's going to come at them? LINA KHAN: Yeah, it's a great question. I mean, look, the mayor-elect has talked about how he wants. a government that is efficient and effective. and so is interested in figuring out. where is there excessive red tape or bureaucracy. that is hampering that. It'll be interesting to see if do we see lawsuits in response. to trying to make government more effective. I don't know, but it's absolutely true. that the new administration will need to be absolutely.

ready for the type of opposition and floodgates. that will open by those interests that. are unhappy with how he's trying. to level the playing field. JON STEWART: What do you think is going. to be the biggest challenge, as you're watching him. put that together? Are there times do you say to him, look, we're all in the afterglow of the election, but as what happened with Jon Lindsay--. I don't know if you're familiar with Lindsay. in the '70s, in New York, '60s and early '70s, but he was,

again, the people's mayor. He was actually the last mayor to walk the whole city the way. that Zohran Mamdani did in his election, but couldn't get the trash picked up. All cities want to be functional. But boy, if you can't make New York City function, you lose the ability to do anything else that you. want to do almost immediately. Has the gravity of that sunk in on everybody on that campaign?

LINA KHAN: Yes, absolutely. I mean, what you saw during the campaign, candidly, was an operation that was very effective and very disciplined. I mean, you don't go from being less than 1% name recognition. to winning the race for New York City mayor. by not being disciplined and focused. And that same level of excellence. is what he expects from his administration. I think he's fully clear-eyed about the realities of there. being no room for error on certain types of basic services.

that New Yorkers expect, wanting to make sure. that the trains are going to be running smoothly on that front, and then making sure that for the big, bold initiatives. that he campaigned on, that he's seriously thinking. about how to implement those so that those are. actually a reality for people. JON STEWART: Right. Are there people that you see with real brass tacks, just. general maintenance experience in government being brought. in now to lend that expertise? LINA KHAN: Yeah. I mean, I think you'll see, for example,

with his pick for first deputy mayor, somebody who's. been in city government for decades, brings a wealth of experience, understands. the intricacies of how New York City budgeting works. And so I think they're absolutely focused on wanting. to bring the best talent, the best experience to bear, understanding that this is also a mayor that has a vision, that. has a particular way that he wants to deliver, that he wants to turn the page in a prior era. And so you need that combination of experience, but also people willing to use that experience.

to pursue his agenda. JON STEWART: Now, for you, do you plan on staying on. in some capacity, or is this kind of a transition for you. as well? Do you kind of lend your expertise. to helping him look at those incentives. and how he can maybe liaison with the corporate titans that. are in New York? Or do you think that there's a place there that you can serve? LINA KHAN: Look, I want to do whatever. I can to help him be helpful. I am very focused on the transition, though,

and just making sure that we're getting. the right people in place. JON STEWART: Look at you with that nice political end. Lina, you're getting this game down. I like that. LINA KHAN: I did spend a few years in DC. JON STEWART: Yeah. LINA KHAN: But look, he gets sworn in on January 1. The transition period is even shorter than what. it is for a president, and so it's a sprint right now. to make sure they're as prepared as possible on day one. to get stuff done. And I'm really interested and committed to him.

being as successful as he can. JON STEWART: And are you still in contact. with your friends down in Washington, DC and what life. is like down there after--. now that the shutdown looks like it's about to be ending? LINA KHAN: Yeah. I mean, look, it's been a brutal--. JON STEWART: Wait, wait, wait. I'm just going to-- for those of you at home, Lina Khan just gave a heavy, heavy sigh. That was a heavy sigh. LINA KHAN: Look, I think it's no secret that the big tent.

of the Democratic Party has, in one unified way, I think, been pretty disappointed by what we saw over the last week. and are still kind of digesting with the ramifications of that. So yeah, no, I mean, still in touch. with various members of Congress. and folks on the ground trying to get stuff done. JON STEWART: And feeling their rage. What obstacles do Democrats put in their way. in terms of earning the trust from government. and implementing? You talked about corporate interests definitely tries. to make things more complex.

Do Democrats get in their own way by--. housing would be a good example. If you want to solve one issue, you have to at the same time. solve all the issues. So if we want to build affordable housing, but then that housing also has to be solving global warming, and it has to also be solving minority hiring, and it also has to be solving our immigration issue, and it also has to solve-- so do we compound the difficulty. of clean, efficient, competent government.

with, if it doesn't solve all the problems at the same time, we can't do it or let's slow it down? LINA KHAN: Yeah. I mean, look, you have to design policy in a way that. ultimately gets the job done. But I also think that making sure that workers are getting. paid a fair wage, you could say, OK, well, that's adding. something on top. But no, I think there are going to be certain core values where. yes, we want something to be built,

but we're not going to say, get it built so cheaply that we're. not paying people a fair wage. And so I think you have to figure out. what are the core rules and lines that we want in place. that are going to be the terms on which certain stuff is going. to be built. Absolutely we don't want it to take forever. and never actually get built. JON STEWART: Have we overdrawn those lines? LINA KHAN: I think you have to look on a case-by-case basis. I mean, I do think some of the Biden administration's. initiatives have led to record levels of construction, have led to record levels of investment.

in ways that we weren't seeing. And I think some of those kind of complaints about, oh, there. are too many Christmas ornaments on this. It's never going to get off the ground, haven't actually come to pass. JON STEWART: Although they did--. you talk about EV stations. They had a big billion-dollar bill. They didn't get any real progress on the EV. stations, rural broadband. I do think it's a significant and valid criticism that--. two of them. And again, this is the side that I want to win.

But the two are overcomplicated, bureaucratically and in terms of overregulated so that things. don't get off the ground. And two, they try to strike a balance. between market solutions by just subsidizing middlemen. Those two areas feel like where Democratic solutions fall down. a rabbit hole, and they hurt themselves. by not being efficient and competent enough.

LINA KHAN: Yeah. I mean, I think sometimes there can be a tendency. to want to overoptimize for efficiency. at every single step in a way that actually. creates more red tape. I think there can be a bias towards complexity. when designing regulation and policies in ways that is what. is gumming that up, and actually. being more comfortable with saying, OK, we're not going to means test everything. That's going to mean that there's easier access, but there's not going to be, like, hyper efficient, suboptimal allocation.

of who's getting what. I think those are the types of trade-offs that too often, yes, have weighed more on the side. of overcomplicating things. And I think that needs more focus. JON STEWART: What would you redesign? If you were in charge of coming up with these solutions, would the ACA be something that you advocate for? Or in a perfect world, is public is really public options. in those areas the way for government. to prove itself along those lines? LINA KHAN: Well, the ACA was a big step forward at the time.

when it was passed, and absolutely more people. are insured, more people are not. getting denied for unfair reasons, but I think it would strain credulity. to look at our health care system. and say, hey, everything's working great. And you people are going-- people sometimes. don't go to the doctor because they. worry about getting bankrupt, in the wealthiest. country on Earth. I mean, that's absurd. JON STEWART: They say 40% of people with insurance. go without other things because of--. I mean, the cost now, even just for insurance, I. feel like this is going to reach a kind of inflection.

point where real, fundamental change is. going to have to take place. LINA KHAN: Yeah, absolutely. And I think that's going to require a fresh look of how. do we actually design a health care system where people are. not worrying about going bankrupt or not. skipping essential medicines or doctor's visits. JON STEWART: Is that something you're-- because I feel like. you're particularly well suited for these types. of dynamics and incentives. You seem to understand them better than almost anybody.

Is that the kind of a system that you. would want to wade into? Is that something that interests you? LINA KHAN: I am generally really interested in the health. care system. I think at the FTC, we saw all sorts of middlemen, be it these pharmacy benefit managers, these GPOs. There's just a lot of bloat across the health care system. and a lot of rents being taken. JON STEWART: And profit. LINA KHAN: And profit by all these middlemen in ways. that I think we really need to take a fresh look.

and figure out, how do we make this simpler? How do we make it less expensive? Because the current system is just not sustainable. JON STEWART: Are you more worried about cost. or innovation? LINA KHAN: In health care? JON STEWART: Yeah. Or in general, pharmaceutical, health. care, in all of these things? Because isn't the balance that they always strike, is that the government will stifle innovation by requiring. companies to pay their fair share of taxes, or enforce monopoly laws or any of those things,

they always suggest that we will all lose. LINA KHAN: I mean, it is interesting. because sometimes those claims are coming from companies that. have spent more on stock buybacks than actually. on their R&D line for the last few years. And so it's important to figure out what's really--. JON STEWART: Are you saying they might not. be telling the truth, Lina? LINA KHAN: Look, we have to take seriously, what are the best conditions for innovation. But historically, we have seen that if what you're. interested in is kind of incremental improvements,

yes, sometimes big companies are. better positioned to do that. But historically, the breakthrough innovations. have come from the disruptive outsiders. And so you actually need to have a market where. the disruptive outsider can come in, and it's not up to the existing giant to say, oh, my bottom line is threatened by this newcomer, and I need to block them out. And so that's why I do think that having markets where. newcomers, where small businesses, where. entrepreneurs can actually enter and shake things up.

is so important. JON STEWART: I want to emphasize that point, because I think that that was the most effective answer. to innovation fetishists and lack of government. that I've heard, because it is--. you'll hear that from Elon Musk. If you don't allow my trillion-dollar pay package, you're not going to get new people that. want to build electric cars. Apparently, it's more important to protect somebody's last $100.

billion than to protect people's first $5,000, or we. won't get the great ideas. But I think what you just said is the metrics. don't bear that out. LINA KHAN: That's right. I mean, historically, that's where. the innovation has come from. I mean, we saw this in the pharmaceutical industry. One of the mergers that we reviewed. was Sanofi, an existing big pharma company, had a monopoly for this drug that is used by patients.

who have Pompe disease. This really awful disease where basically your muscles. degenerate, and people have to get. regular infusions to make sure that the disease. is not progressing too much. There was a new company, a fresh upstart. called Maze, that came up with a drug. that people could actually take orally, that they wouldn't have. to go get hooked up bi-weekly. And Sanofi was trying to buy Maze.

And we looked at that, and we said, OK, well, Sanofi's already doing very well with their monopoly. in this area. We're worried that they're trying to buy up this upstart. because they don't want that threat by this new, better. pill that's going to be a huge benefit for these companies. So we blocked that merger. We kind of heard a lot of the same claims. Oh, you're harming innovation. What incentive are startups going. to have to invest or innovate if they're. not actually able to be bought up by the big guys? And a few months later, Maze partnered up.

with some other firm, and it was fine because that firm. didn't have a distorted interest where they. would try to block this new pill. from getting onto the market. JON STEWART: And oftentimes when they're doing this, it's about gatekeeping and who's. going to be the gatekeeper. You know, CBS, Comedy Central, all that, we just got bought by Skydance. And they obviously have a relationship. with the Trump-led people that are going to say whether or not.

that merger is OK. Well, now they also want to buy Warner Brothers. And the rumblings are, nobody else better bid on it. because nobody else is going to get the approval. of the Trump administration. And so now you've got a government working in hand. to monopolize, and I'd say they're doing. the same with tech, with AI. The AI guys all radicalized and jumped on board. now with the Trump administration, because they felt like they're not.

going to bother with how we want to monopolize our product. And what is the danger of all that as we go through it? LINA KHAN: I mean, there's an extraordinary danger. in basically allowing five to seven. CEOs to determine the future trajectory of these markets. And it's absolutely true. I mean, the Trump administration has basically. granted amnesty for AI companies, saying, look, these are the American innovators. We just are going to have no rules. JON STEWART: I think it was explicit.

I think it was literally explicit in one of the bills, 10-year amnesty on, that you couldn't regulate it. LINA KHAN: Yeah, I mean, there was an effort to basically say. states couldn't regulate, and that actually--. the few remaining populists in the party put a fight. and that kind of came out. But they did put out an executive order that. basically said, we want zero rules effectively for AI. where possible. And I mean, there's going to be big harm. when we think about the competition implications.

But these tools are already being misused. I mean, at the FTC, we were already seeing a surge. in complaints for voice cloning fraud, when somebody is using these tools to pretend. to be somebody's grandkid and say, I'm in distress, can you wire over thousands of dollars. And so there's going to be just bread-and-butter fraud. that these tools are enabling, that unless you. have cops on the beat, people are. going to lose a lot of money. JON STEWART: And I think even on a deeper level, what. the algorithm is going to do to our social construct.

and due to our brains-- and you see, the European Union is ahead of the game. and they're seen as it's almost as though free speech is being. used as a shield against corporate responsibility, whereas it was really more intended for individuals. and people to have the ability to speak. out against their governments. It's now being used as a shield so that great harms. can be brought. I mean, if I could pull a switch. and social media never happened, I'd do it.

I think it's been a terrible, corrosive harm to society. in general for as many different rare butterfly. interest groups have been able to find each other. AI is going to supercharge that harm. LINA KHAN: Yeah. I mean, AI is turbocharging all sorts of corporate lawbreaking. I mean, we've seen this with algorithmic price fixing. So back in the day, if you wanted to fix the prices. with your rivals, you'd all have to get in a room. together quietly and figure out what's the price.

The new way of doing this is to say, I'm just going to hand over my prices to this algorithm, and all my competitors are going to do the same, and we'll just let the algorithm. decide what our prices are. And it's like, algorithmic price. fixing is still price fixing. It's still illegal. JON STEWART: I didn't do it. It was Siri. Siri fixed the prices. I had nothing to do with this. I think also they don't realize that algorithms are designed. by the companies, so you are getting.

something that is not neutral. It is designed with certain outcomes. It's designed for engagement. It's designed for all those different things. that keep their products at the forefront. Is there any way that government. will have the ability to stay in front of that, or even has the desire to? LINA KHAN: I mean, at the very least, making sure that these algorithms and these new tools. are not being used to evade existing laws that we have.

in place, be it on fraud, be it on price fixing, be it on discrimination is important. But this is also the question of technological capability. At the FTC, we hired over a dozen technologists, brought. people in-house to make sure we had people on our team. with the sophistication and the knowledge. to figure out what's going on. With the huge decimation of agencies and talent. fleeing these agencies, it's going. to be really difficult to, even if this administration wanted.

to, which they've made very clear they don't, are they. going to even have the capability and expertise. to figure out what's going on? JON STEWART: Right. Yeah, boy, that's going to be a big one. And it's also-- you were actually. somewhat surprisingly popular with the populists on the right. as well. Do they still kind keep in touch? Do you get the occasional email from the JD Vance going like, hey, what's going on there? You are you still in vogue in terms of the populist right?

LINA KHAN: I don't know. I mean, you'd have to ask them. JON STEWART: They don't call? Josh Hawley doesn't just ring you up? LINA KHAN: I think it's a tough time. to be a real populist in the Republican Party, because everything they've done since they got power has been. so pro oligarchy that at some point, you have to reckon with that. JON STEWART: I've always thought that, when they kept. saying we're the new populist right, and you're like, have you told your judges? Because everything they do is strip worker protection,

strip any kind of protections from product. Like, all they've done is make it harder for unions. and for workers and for labor. And maybe what we're talking about is that larger situation. And I know you're busy, and I'll let you run. But the final thing is, all this is really. about rebalancing an economy that has, for 50 years, overly favored capital and corporate. interests and crony capital. And this is just about not forcing labor to have.

to rebalance this by itself. The ask for labor is always, oh, if you want a better deal, you're going to have to organize. We're going to make it hard for you to organize. We're going to make it so that certain states never organize. We're going to be able to threaten you with capital loss. and fleeing of areas if you try and organize, and we're going to give you no recourse. And so labor is always they start out every basketball. game in a 3-foot hole.

And is this really about trying to recalibrate. the balance between labor and capital in America? LINA KHAN: Yes. I mean, we've all seen those graphs where GDP has gone up. and labor share of it has gone down, and that's a problem. How do we make sure we have an economy. where the people doing the work, the people. kind of putting in the day-to-day blood, sweat, and tears, are not having to worry about, how am I going to pay rent? How am I going to put food on the table?

Am I having to work two jobs, three jobs? How is this all going to--. I mean, I think just that sense of day-to-day precarity that. so many people face is just--. is should be intolerable in this country. And that's ultimately what the mayor elect is about. and I think and hope that a Democratic Party that is more. interested in real economic populism. would really pick up on trying to fix. JON STEWART: Absolutely. And I think, actually, as angry as I am about the shutdown.

and the way that they caved, I did. think it was important in that it brought into stark view. the precarity that you mentioned, that people are facing, that for just a small moment, the smokescreen of all of Trump's lies and distractions. faded out of the scene, and people really. saw how tenuous life is in this country for so many millions.

of people, and maybe that image sticks in the brain enough. that it causes the types of change. that you're talking about and hope. to bring in with the mayor. LINA KHAN: Yeah. I mean, I think if you have a country where some people are. thinking about, when am I going to buy my third yacht, and other people are thinking about, how am I going to make rent this month, you know, that type of grotesque inequality. is just not sustainable. JON STEWART: So you're saying, like,

on the same weekend you're cutting food. stamp benefits for Americans. You shouldn't throw a Great Gatsby themed. party is that if we wanted to. This is just obviously hypothetical, but if we. wanted to throw that in. LINA KHAN: I mean, I know the White House. is much more gilded now, so. JON STEWART: It really does look like--. look, I played Caesar's Palace in the late '80s. It's got nothing on the White House now, for sure. Lina Khan, thank you so much for spending time with us. Good luck with everything that's going on. I know you got your hands full down there, and really.

wishing the best for you. LINA KHAN: Thank you so much for having me. JON STEWART: Thanks a lot, Lina. [MUSIC PLAYING]. I wonder-- first of all, Lina Khan is so smart. BRITTANY MEHMEDOVIC: Love her. JON STEWART: She strikes me as a kind. of economic climatologist, where she's looking. at the various incentives and the corporate-- a corporate. front is coming through, and a government cold front. has to come in and cause. But if we spread it out, we'll get more rain.

or whatever it that is going on. But I do wonder, in the mayoral transitional campaign, because they only have, what is it, six weeks, eight weeks before they take over? BRITTANY MEHMEDOVIC: Super short. GILLIAN SPEAR: Yeah, like eight weeks. JON STEWART: I wonder how much of it. is, these are the levels of levers of power. that you can use on housing policy, and how much it is, how many garbage trucks do we have? Do we need more garbage trucks? Like, I wonder what the balance is.

GILLIAN SPEAR: You can never have too many. That's what I'll tell you, looking out at my street. right now. JON STEWART: Gillian Spear for mayor, saying her campaign, you can never have too many garbage trucks. BRITTANY MEHMEDOVIC: I really loved what she was saying. about when she got to the FTC and saw. that so many of the procedures were not codified into law, and they were actually put in by industry. and really slowed down the process. And I was really excited just--. maybe there will be something on the New York City. level, the equivalent where she can say,

the processes here are really bogged. down in unnecessary steps, and maybe we can streamline here. And I'm just really excited for her experience in the city. GILLIAN SPEAR: She said that. She was like, just because a tool. hasn't been used in decades doesn't. mean we shouldn't be using it. And it felt very Trumpian, but in a good way. JON STEWART: I don't think she would expect that compliment. That felt very troubling. I still always worry a little bit.

about that problem of incentives and things like that. and how you fix that. And I thought it was interesting, the threat. It's always the threat. Whenever there's this idea that you can look at how power. and money have been transferred from the 50%. up into the highest. And anytime you threaten to say, we should rebalance that, they're like, oh, then we'll just fucking leave. We'll fucking leave. And that's where I'll give-- again,

the Democrats can take a little bit of lesson. from Trump, which is, know your leverage. And if you know your leverage, maybe you. can apply it in a way that ameliorates. those kinds of threats. BRITTANY MEHMEDOVIC: Yeah. GILLIAN SPEAR: I mean, like, I'd like. to see them try, honestly. JON STEWART: Right. GILLIAN SPEAR: I don't see it happening. Like, New York City isn't cool because you're here. You're here because it's cool. So I'd like to see you try and leave. BRITTANY MEHMEDOVIC: Oh my God, and a slogan. JON STEWART: You are all bumper sticker today. I'm-- again, Gillian Spear for mayor.

GILLIAN SPEAR: I think we got a good one. I'm going to hope that--. he can have it for now. JON STEWART: I'm excited to see where this thing is. going to be going. Oh, and by the way, congratulations. I saw the picture. They sent me a picture from the Signal Awards where you guys--. was that last night or the night before? I can't remember which one it was. GILLIAN SPEAR: It was Monday. BRITTANY MEHMEDOVIC: Monday night. JON STEWART: Monday night. BRITTANY MEHMEDOVIC: Yeah. JON STEWART: But the little trophy. is like a golden earphones or something? BRITTANY MEHMEDOVIC: Yeah, little headphones. They're so cute. GILLIAN SPEAR: Yes, very podcasty.

Trumpified headphones. JON STEWART: It looked really beautiful. What do we got from the listeners there, Brittany? GILLIAN SPEAR: All righty. BRITTANY MEHMEDOVIC: If Trump were. to be in the Epstein files--. and that's a very big. JON STEWART: If? I'm sorry, if? Did they not look at the emails today? When did they ask this question? If? He said he was going to sue. That's when you know. When Trump comes out and says, I'm going to sue Rupert Murdoch. for insinuating that it's-- when was the last time. you heard about that lawsuit? It's gone. It's gone, because he's in it. GILLIAN SPEAR: Yes.

BRITTANY MEHMEDOVIC: Do you think. he would lose any support? JON STEWART: No. BRITTANY MEHMEDOVIC: Really? GILLIAN SPEAR: It's really hard to imagine. JON STEWART: Do you guys--. Gillian, you think he might? GILLIAN SPEAR: Yeah, I feel like if there was--. like, we already have hit the threshold where. it should be disqualifying. With so many things with him, it's like, I just--. what else would you need to see? Like, this guy was one of his best friends. There's photos of them together. There's videos of them together ogling at young women. Like, we've seen what we need to see, so I don't know what else could possibly--.

JON STEWART: That's right. GILLIAN SPEAR: --push the needle here. JON STEWART: I have seen more pictures of them. together than with, like, some of my best friends. Like, they have more of a scrapbook. with each other than many of the people. that I'm great friends with. BRITTANY MEHMEDOVIC: But here's the thing. How do the Republicans spin this? Like, how does he get out of this? JON STEWART: The way he gets out? I've always said, it's Wile E. Coyote versus the Road Runner. And every time, we keep thinking, 34 felonies, that'll get him.

Oh, my God, that thing he said on Access Hollywood. And every time, Trump just comes in and goes, meep, meep, [VOCALIZES], and flies away. And I think it's the same thing. It could be the pictures of him and illegal sex trafficked. women from Epstein in a forced human caterpillar or ouroboros, and they'd find a way to say, well, but Hunter Biden's laptop. was worse and Burisma and it's fake, and none of it.

ever happened. Gillian's exactly right. Everything we need to know about it is real, is that it is plausible because of the relationship. that they had. That wasn't his, like, softball buddy. That was his international model buddy. That's what they did together. They weren't bingo friends. They weren't backgammon friends.

They didn't play pickleball. They played tickleball. BRITTANY MEHMEDOVIC: Oh, no. JON STEWART: Yeah, I shouldn't have. It just came to me as I was talking about it. GILLIAN SPEAR: It worked. How beautiful. BRITTANY MEHMEDOVIC: It really did. GILLIAN SPEAR: I've thought about this thought experiment. in the past, especially after Access Hollywood of like, OK, let's think. What could actually-- and even then, I came up with nothing. JON STEWART: No. And even that, his own family-- oh, boys. You boys. BRITTANY MEHMEDOVIC: Boys will be boys.

GILLIAN SPEAR: Locker room talk. JON STEWART: Even when the level of boys. will be boys rises to the level of felony convictions, nobody seems to bat an eye. I've never seen anything like it. But I'm telling you, that's what their relationship was. steeped in. It was not a shared love of Dungeons & Dragons. GILLIAN SPEAR: This wasn't a book club.

JON STEWART: Right. So yeah, I know. I don't know. BRITTANY MEHMEDOVIC: Alrighty, we've got another one. JON STEWART: All right, good. Let's hear it. BRITTANY MEHMEDOVIC: Jon, would you have Marjorie. Taylor Greene on the podcast? JON STEWART: Yeah, I'd have any of these people on the podcast. I want to find out, if the space lasers aren't Jewish, what are they? Are they Lutheran? Are they Presbyterian? GILLIAN SPEAR: They almost got to that on The View. They asked about the Jewish space lasers, and I was like, oh, here it is.

And then Whoopi goes, we got to go to break. I was like, no! JON STEWART: How do you go to break? Yeah, there was one moment in that conversation. where they're like--. or she said something like, the Russian hoax. And then she was like, well, all the hoaxes, 2020 election. being stolen. And they were just like, yeah, but let me ask you this. They glossed over it, but she's undergoing a rebrand. BRITTANY MEHMEDOVIC: Yes. GILLIAN SPEAR: Yeah, she's running for president. JON STEWART: I was going to say, it's very clearly intentional.

It's actually a lot more disciplined. than I thought it would, so give her credit for that. She's become much more adept at hiding her--. it's like if you're watching Marjorie Taylor Greene. and Nancy Mace were in a race for, like, lunatic. of the century, and then all of a sudden, the velocity on Marjorie Taylor Greene started being like, I don't know if this is going to work out. if I want to be in the Senate.

And Nancy Mace is like, see you on the Moon. And so she's now leading. But it's been an interesting transformation, for sure. BRITTANY MEHMEDOVIC: Yeah. Next week on. JON STEWART: Next week on. GILLIAN SPEAR: BYO space laser. JON STEWART: How can they keep in touch with us with these? BRITTANY MEHMEDOVIC: Twitter. JON STEWART: I enjoy their questions. BRITTANY MEHMEDOVIC: Good. I'm happy to hear that. GILLIAN SPEAR: There's more. There's a lot more. JON STEWART: Oh, good.

BRITTANY MEHMEDOVIC: Twitter, we are WeeklyShowPod. Instagram, Threads, TikTok, Bluesky, we. are WeeklyShowPodcast. And you can like, subscribe, and comment. on our YouTube channel, The Weekly Show with Jon Stewart. JON STEWART: Well, fantastic. And guys, congratulations again. GILLIAN SPEAR: Congratulations to you. JON STEWART: Well, as you guys know, I read phonetically from the screen whatever you're. tapping to me on the chat. And you guys are the one who prepare these things. with the most intellectual of care. and the greatest of detail, and I thank you all very much. Lead producer Lauren Walker, producer Brittany Mehmedovic,

producer Gillian Spear, video editor. and engineer Rob Vitolo, audio editor. and engineer Nicole Boyce. And our executive producers Chris McShane and Caity Gray. We'll see you guys next week. [MUSIC PLAYING]. The Weekly Show with Jon Stewart. is a Comedy Central podcast. It is produced by Paramount Audio and Busboy Productions.