Walter Isaacson: Elon Musk, Steve Jobs, Einstein, Da Vinci & Ben Franklin | Lex Fridman Podcast #395

- I hope with my books, I'm saying, this isn't a how-to guide, but this is somebody you can walk alongside. - You can see Einstein growing up Jewish in Germany. You can see Jennifer Doudna growing up, or as an outsider, or Leonardo da Vinci, or Elon Musk, you know, in really violent South Africa. with a psychologically difficult father, and getting off the train when he goes. to anti-apartheid concert with his brother.

and there's a man with a knife sticking out of his head, and they step into the pool of blood. and it's sticky on their soles. This causes, you know, scars. that last the rest of your life, and the question is not how do you avoid getting scarred, it's, you know, how do you deal with it? - The following is a conversation with Walter Isaacson, one of the greatest biography writers ever,

having written incredible books on Albert Einstein, Steve Jobs, Leonardo da Vinci, Jennifer Doudna, Benjamin Franklin, Henry Kissinger, and now a new one on Elon Musk. We talked for hours on and off the mic. I'm sure we'll talk many more times. Walter is a truly special writer, thinker, observer, and human being. I highly recommend people read his new book on Elon. I'm sure there will be short-term controversy,

but in the longterm I think it will inspire. millions of young people, especially with difficult childhoods, with hardship in their surroundings or in their own minds. to take on the hardest problems in the world. and to build solutions to those problems, no matter how impossible the odds. In this conversation, Walter and I cover all of his books. and use personal stories from them. to speak to the bigger principles. of striving for greatness in science, in tech,

engineering, art, politics, and life. There are many things in the new Elon book. that I felt are best saved for when I speak. to Elon directly, again, on this podcast, which will be soon enough. Perhaps it's also good to mention here. that my friendships, like with Elon, nor any other influence like money, access, fame, power, will ever result in me sacrificing my integrity ever.

I do like to celebrate the good in people, to empathize and to understand, but I also like to call people out on their bullshit. with respect and with compassion. If I fail, I fail due to a lack of skill, not a lack of integrity. I'll work hard to improve. This is the "Lex Fridman Podcast.". To support it, please check out our sponsors. in the description. And now, dear friends, here's Walter Isaacson.

What is the role of a difficult childhood. in the lives of great men and women, great minds? Is it a requirement, is it a catalyst, or is it just a simple coincidence of fate? - Well, it's not a requirement. Some people with happy childhood to do quite well, but it's certainly is true that a lot. of really driven people are driven. because they're harnessing the demons of their childhood. Even Barack Obama's sentence in his memoirs, which is, I think, "Every successful man.

is either trying to live up to the expectations. of his father or live down the sins of his father.". And for Elon, it's especially true. 'cause he had both a violent and difficult childhood, and a very psychologically problematic father. He's got those demons dancing around in his head, and by harnessing them, it's part of the reason. that he does riskier, more adventurous, wilder things.

than maybe I would ever do. - You've written that Elon talked about his father, and that at times it felt like mental torture, the interaction with him during his childhood. Can you describe some of the things you've learned? - Yeah, well, Elon and Kimbal would tell me. that, for example, when Elon got bullied on the playground, and one day was pushed down some concrete steps. and had his face pummeled so badly that Kimbal said,

"I couldn't really recognize him,". and he was in the hospital for almost a week. But when he came home, Elon had to stand in front of his father, and his father berated him for more than an hour. and said he was stupid and took the side. of the person who had beaten him. - That's probably one of the more traumatic events. of Elon's life. - Yes, and there's also Veld School, which is a sort of paramilitary camp. that young South African boys got sent to. And at one point, you know, he was scrawny,

he has very bad at picking up social cues. and emotional cues, he talks about being Asperger's, and so he gets traumatized at a camp like that. But the second time he went, he'd gotten bigger. He had shot up to almost six feet. and he'd learned a little bit of Judo. and he realized that if he was getting beaten up, he might, it might hurt him, but it, he would just punch the person in the nose. as hard as possible. So that sense of always punching back.

has also been ingrained in Elon. I spent a lot of time talking to Errol Musk, his father. Elon doesn't talk to Errol Musk anymore, his father, nor does Kimbal, it's been years. And Errol doesn't even have Elon's email, so a lot of times Errol will be sending me emails. And Errol had one of those Jekyll-and-Hyde personalities. He was, you know, a great mind of engineering. and especially material science,

knew how to build a wilderness camp in South Africa. using mica and how it would not conduct the heat, but he also would go into these dark periods. in which he would just be psychologically abusive. And of course, Maye Musk says to me, his mother who divorced Errol early on, said, "The danger for Elon is that he becomes his father.". And every now and then you've been with him so much, Lex,

and you know him well. He'll even talk to you about the demons, about Diablo dancing in his head. I mean he gets it, he's self-aware. But you've probably seen him at times. where those demons take over. and he goes really dark and really quiet. And Grimes says, you know, "I can tell a minute or two in advance. when demon mode's about to happen,". and he'll go a bit dark.

I was, you know, here at Austin once at dinner with a group. and you could tell suddenly something had triggered him. and he was gonna go dark. I've watched it at meetings where somebody will say, "We can't make that part for less than $200,". or, "No, that's wrong," and he'll berate them, and then he snaps out of it. And as you know, that too, the huge snap-out. where suddenly he's showing you a Monty Python skit. on his phone, and he's joking about things. So I think coming out of the childhood,

there were just many facets, maybe even many personalities; the engineering mode, the silly mode, the charismatic mode, the visionary mode, but also the demon in dark mode. - A quote you cited about Elon's really stood out to me. I forget who it was from, but, "Inside the man, he's still there as a child. The child standing in front of his dad.". - That was Talulah, his second wife, and she's great. She's an English actress.

They've been married twice actually. And Talulah said, "That's just him from his childhood. He's a drama addict.". Kimbal says that as well. And I asked why, and Talulah said, "You know, for him, love and family. are kind of associated with those psychological torments. And in many ways he'll channel.". I mean, Talulah would be with him in 2008. when the company was going bankrupt,

or whatever it may have been or later, and he would be so stressed, he would vomit, and then he would channel things that his father had said, use phrases his father had said to him. And so she told me deep inside the man, is this man-child still standing in front of his father. - To what degree is that true for many of us, do you think? - I think it's true, but in many different ways. I'll say something personal, which is I was blessed,

and perhaps it's a bit of a downside, too, with the fact that I had the greatest father. you could ever imagine, and mother. They were the kindest people you'd ever wanna meet. I grew up in a magical place in New Orleans. My dad was an engineer, an electrical engineer, and you know, he was always kind. Perhaps I'm not quite as driven or as crazed. I don't have to prove things. So I get to write about Elon Musk.

I get to write about, you know, Einstein, or Steve Jobs, or Leonardo da Vinci who as you know, was totally torn by demons. and had different difficult childhood situations, not even legitimized by his father. So sometimes those of us who are lucky enough. to have really gentle, sweet childhood, we grow up with fewer demons, but we grow up with fewer drives. and we end up maybe being Boswell and not being Dr. Johnson.

We end up being the observer, not being the doer. And so I always respect those who are in the arena. I don't, you know--. - You don't see yourself as a man in the arena. - I've had a gentle, sweet career, and I've got to cover really interesting people, but I've never shot off a rocket. that might someday get to Mars. I've never moved us into the era of electric vehicles.

I've never stayed up all night on the factory floor. I don't have quite those, either the drives or the addiction to risk. I mean, Elon's addicted to risk. He's addicted to adventure. Me, if I see something that's risky, I spend some time calculating, "Okay, upside, downside here.". But that's another reason that people like Elon Musk.

get stuff done, and people like me. write about the Elon Musks. - One other aspect of this, given a difficult childhood, whether it's Elon or da Vinci, I wonder if there's some wisdom, some advice almost that you can draw, that you can give to people with difficult childhoods. - I think all of us have demons,

even those of us who grew up. in a magical part of New Orleans with sweet parents. - [Lex] Yes. - And we all have demons. And rule one in life is harness your demons, know that you're ambitious or not ambitious, you're lazy or whatever. Leonardo da Vinci knew he was a procrastinator, you know. I think it's useful to know what's eating at you,

know how to harness it, also know what you're good at. I'll take Musk as another example. I'm a little bit more like Kimbal Musk than Elon. I maybe got overendowed with the empathy gene. And what does that mean? Well, it means that I was okay when I ran "Time Magazine.". It was a group about 150 people on the editorial floors, and I knew them all and we had a jolly time.

When I went to CNN, I was not very good. at being a manager or an executive of an organization. I cared a little bit too much. that people didn't get annoyed at me or mad at me. And Elon said that about Jon McNeil, for example, who is president of Tesla. It's in the book, I talked to Jon McNeil a long time, and he says, "You know, Elon just would fire people, be really rough on people.

He didn't have the empathy for the people in front of him.". And Elon says, "Yeah, that's right, and Jon McNeil couldn't fire people. He cared more about pleasing the people in front of him. than pleasing the entire enterprise or getting things done.". Being overendowed with a desire to please people. can make you less tough of a manager. And that doesn't mean there aren't great people. who are overendowed. Ben Franklin, overendowed.

with the desire to please people. The worst criticism of him from John Adams and others. was that he was insinuating, which kind of meant he was always trying. to get people to like him. But that turned out to be a good thing. When they can't figure out the big state, little state issue. at the Constitutional convention, when they can't figure out the Treaty of Paris, whatever it is, he brings people together. and that is his superpower. So to get back to the lessons, you asked,

and you know, the first was harness your demons. The second is to know your strengths and your superpower. My superpower is definitely not being a tough manager. After running CNN for awhile, I said, "Okay, I think I've proven I don't really enjoy this. or know how to do this well.". You know, do I have other talents? Yeah, I think I have the talent. to observe people really closely, to write about it in a straight, what I hope,

interesting narrative style. That's a power. It's totally different from running an organization. It took me until three years of running CNN. that I realized I'm not cut to be an executive. in a really high intense situations. Elon Musk is cut to be an executive. in highly intense situation, so much so that when things get less intense,

when they actually are making enough cars, and rockets are going up and landing, he thinks of something else. so he can surge and have more intensity. He's addicted to intensity and that's his superpower, which is a lot greater than the superpower. of being a good observer. - But I think also to build on that, it's not just addiction to like risk and drama. There's always a big mission above it.

So I would say it's an empathy. towards people in the big picture. - It's an empathy. towards humanity. - [Lex] Humanity. - More than the empathy towards. the three or four humans who might be sitting. in the conference room with you. And that's a big deal. And you see that in a lot of people. You see it, Bill Gates or Larry Summers, Elon Musk, they always have empathy for these great goals of humanity,

and at times they can be clueless. about the emotions of the people in front of them, or callous sometimes. Musk, as you said, is driven by mission. more than any person I've ever seen. And it's not only mission, it's like cosmic missions, meaning he's got three really big missions. One is to make humans a space-faring civilization,

make us multi-planetary, or get us to Mars. Number two is to bring us into the era. of sustainable energy, to bring us into the era of electric vehicles. and solar roofs and battery packs. And third is to make sure that artificial intelligence. is safe and is aligned with human values. And every now and then I'd talk to him. and we'd be talking about Starlink satellites or whatever,

or he would be pushing the people in front of him at SpaceX. and saying, "If you do this, we'll never get to Mars in our lifetime.". And then he would give the lecture how important it was. for human consciousness to get to Mars in our lifetime. And I'm thinking, "Okay, this is the pep talk. of somebody trying to inspire a team, or maybe it's the type of pontification. you do on a podcast.". But on like the 20th time I watched him, I realized, "Okay, I believe it. He actually is driven by this.

- He is frustrated and angry. that because of this particular minor engineering decision, the big mission is not going to be accomplished. It's not a pep talk, it's a literal frustration. - An impatience, a frustration, and it's also just probably. the most deeply ingrained thing in him is his mission. He joked at one point to me about how much he loved.

reading comics as a kid. And he said, "All the people in the comic books, they're trying to save the world, but they're wearing their underpants on the outside. and they look ridiculous.". And then he paused and said, "But they are trying to save the world.". And whether it's Starlink in Ukraine. or Starship going to Mars, or trying to get a global new Tesla, I think he's got this epic sense. of the role he's gonna play.

in helping humanity on big things. And like the characters in the comic books, it's sometimes ridiculous, but it also is sometimes true. - When I was reading this part of the book, I was thinking of all the young people. who are struggling in this way, and I think a lot of people are in different ways, whether they grew up without a father, whether they grew up with physical, emotional, mental abuse or demons of any kind as you talked about.

And it's really painful to read, but also really damn inspiring. that if you sort of walk side-by-side with those demons, if you don't let that pain break you. or somehow channel it, if you can put it this way, that you can achieve, you can do great things in this world. - Well that's an epic view of why we write biography, which is more epic than I had even thought of.

So I say thank you because in some ways. what you're trying to do is say okay. I mean Leonardo, you talk about being a misfit, he's born illegitimate in the village of Vinci, and he's gay, and he's left-handed, and he's distracted, and his father won't legitimize him. And then he wanders off to the town of Florence. and he becomes the greatest artist and engineer.

of that part of the Renaissance. I hope this book inspires. Jennifer Doudna of the gene editing pioneer. who helps discover CRISPR gene editing tool, which my book, "The Code Breaker,". she grew up feeling like a misfit, you know, in Hawaii, in a Polynesian village being the only white person, and also trying to live up to a father who pushed her. So if people can read the books,

I should have said about Jennifer Doudna, and my point was that she was told. by her school guidance counselor, "No, girls don't do science," you know, "Science not for girls. "You're not gonna do math or science.". And so it pushes her to say, "All right, I'm gonna do math and science--. - Just to interrupt real quick, but Jennifer Doudna, you've written. an amazing book about her, Nobel Prize winner. - [Walter] Yeah. - CRISPR developer is just incredible, one of the great scientists in the 21st century. - Right, and I'm talking about.

when Jennifer Doudna was young. and she felt really, really our of place, like you and me and a lot of people. when they're feeling that way, they read books, they go into, they curl off. with a book. - [Lex] Um hm. - So her father drops a book on her bed. called the "Double Helix,". the book by James Watson on the discovery. of the structure of DNA by him, and Rosalind Franklin, and Francis Crick. And she realizes, "Oh, my God, girls can become scientists. My school guidance counselor's wrong.".

So I think books, like she read this book. and even if it's a comic book like Elon Musk read, books can sometimes inspire you. And every one of my books is about people. who were totally innovative, who weren't just smart, 'cause none of us are gonna be able to match Einstein. in mental processing power. But we can be as curious as he was, and creative,

and think out of the box the way he did, or as Steve Jobs put it, "Think different.". And so I hope with my books I'm saying. this isn't a how-to guide. but this is somebody you can walk alongside. You can see Einstein growing up Jewish in Germany. You can see Jennifer Doudna growing up as an outsider, or Leonardo da Vinci, or Elon Musk, you know, in really violent South Africa.

with a psychologically difficult father, and getting off the train when he goes. to anti-apartheid concert with his brother, and there's a man with a knife sticking out of his head, and they step into the pool of blood. and it's sticky on their soles. This causes, you know, scars that last the rest of your life. And the question is not how do you avoid getting scarred, it's, you know, how do you deal with it?

- Einstein, too, one of my, and it's hard to pick my favorite of your biographies, but Einstein, I mean, you really paint a picture. of another, I don't wanna call him a misfit, (both laughing). but a person who doesn't necessarily. have a standard trajectory through life of success. - [Walter] Absolutely. - That's extremely inspiring. I don't know exactly what question to ask.

There's a million. - Well, I'll talk about the misfit for a second, 'cause, you know, we talked about Leonardo being that way. You know, Einstein's Jewish in Germany. at a time when it starts getting difficult. He's slow in learning how to talk. and he's a visual thinker, so he's always daydreaming and imagining things. The first time he applies to the Zurich Polytech, 'cause he runs away from the German education system. 'cause it's too much learning by rote, he gets rejected by the Zurich Polytech.

Now it's the second best school in Zurich. and they're rejecting Einstein. I tried to find, but couldn't, the name of the admissions counselor. (Lex laughing) at the Zurich Polytech. - [Lex] Yeah. - Like, you rejected Einstein? (Lex laughing) And then he doesn't finish. in the top half of his class, and once he does and he goes to graduate school, they don't accept his dissertation so he can't get a job. He's not teaching it. He even tries about 14 different high schools. or gymnasium to get a job and they won't take him.

So he is a third-class examiner. in the Swiss patent office in 1905, third class 'cause they've rejected. his doctoral dissertation. and so he can't be second class or first class. 'cause he doesn't have a doctoral degree. And yet he's sitting there in the stool. in the patent office in 1905. and writes three papers that totally transform science. And if you're thinking about. being misunderstood or unappreciated,

in 1906, he's still a third-class patent. In 1907, he still is. It takes until 1909 before people realize. that this notion of the theory of relativity. might be correct and it might upend. all of Newtonian physics. - How is it possible for three of the greatest papers. in the history of science to be written. in one year by this one person? Is there some insights, wisdoms you draw? - Plus he had a day job. as a patent examiner. - [Lex] Right. - And there's really three papers.

but there's also an addendum, 'cause once you figure out quantum theory. and then you figure out relativity, and your understanding Maxwell's equations. and the speed of light, he does a little addendum. That's the most famous equation in all of physics, which is E equals MC squared. So it's a pretty good year. (Lex laughing). It partly starts because he's a visual thinker, and I think it was helpful that he was at the patent office. rather than being the acolyte of some professor.

at the academy where he was supposed to follow the rules. And so at the patent office. doing devices to synchronize clocks. 'cause the Swiss have just gone on standard time zones. and Swiss people, as you know, tend to be rather, you know, Swiss. They care if it strikes the hour in Basel, it should do the same in Bern at the exact instant. So you have to send a light signal. between two distant clocks, and he's visualizing what's it look like. to ride alongside a light beam. He says, "Well if you catch up with it,

if you go almost as fast it'll look stationary,". but Maxwell's equations don't allow for that. And he said, "It's making my palms sweat. that I was so worried.". And so he finally figures out, because he's looking at these devices to synchronize clocks, that if you're traveling really, really fast, what's looks synchronous to you, or synchronized to you, is different than for somebody traveling really fast. in the other direction. - [Lex] Yes. - And he makes the mental leap that time,

that the speed of light's always constant. but time is relative depending on your state of motion. So it was that type of out-of-the-box thinking, those leaps, that made 1905 his miracle year. Likewise with Musk. I mean, after General Motors and Ford, everybody gives up on electric vehicles, to just say, "I know how we're going to have a path. to change the entire trajectory of the world. into the era of electric vehicles.".

And then when he comes back from Russia. where he tried to buy a little rocket ship. so he could send a experimental greenhouse to Mars, and they were poking fun of him, and they actually spit on him. at one point in a drunken lunch, this is very fortuitous because on the ride back home. on the plane, on the, you know, Delta Airlines flight, he's like doing the calculations of how much materials, how much metal, how much fuel, how much would it really cost.

And so he's visualizing things. that other people would just say is impossible. It's what Steve Jobs's friends called, "The reality distortion field.". And it drove people crazy, it drove them mad, but it also drove them to do things. they didn't think they would be able to do. - You said "visual thinking.". I wonder if you've seen parallels. of the different styles and kinds of thinking.

that operate the minds of these people. Is there parallels you see between Elon, Steve Jobs, Einstein, da Vinci specifically in how they think? - I think they were all visual thinkers, perhaps coming from slight handicaps as children, meaning, you know, Leonardo was left-handed. and a little bit dyslexic, I think. And certainly Einstein had echolalia, he would repeat things, he was slow in learning to talk.

So I think visualizing helps a lot. And with Musk, I see it all the time. when I'm walking the factory lines with him, or in product development where he'll look. at say, the heat shield under the raptor engine. of a Starship booster and he'll say, "Why does it have to be this way? Couldn't we trim it this way? Or make it, or even get rid of this part of it?".

And he can visualize the material science. There's small anecdotes in my book, but at one point he's on the Tesla line. and they're trying to get 5,000 cars a week in 2018. It's a life or death situation. And he's looking at the machines. that are bolting something to the chassis. and he insists that Drew Baglino, not Drew but Lars Moravy, one of his great lieutenants, come. and they have to summon him and he says, "Why are there six bolts here?".

And Lars and others explained, "Well, for the crash tests or anything else, the pressure would be in this way, so you have to,". and they were blah blah blah blah blah. And he said, "No, if you visualize it, you'll see if there's a crash, it would, the force would go this way and that way. and it could be done with four bolts.". Now that sounds risky and they go test it. and they engineer it, but it turns out to be right. I know that seems minor, but I could give you 500 of those.

where in any given day he's visualizing the physics. of an engineering or manufacturing problem. That sounds pretty mundane. But for me, if you say what makes him special, there's a mission-driven thing, I give you a lot of reasons, but one of the reasons is he cares, not just about the design of the product, but visualizing the manufacturing of the product,

the machine that makes the machine. And that's what we failed to do in America. for the past 40 years. We outsource so much manufacturing. I don't think you can be a good innovator. if you don't know how to make the stuff you're designing. And that's why Musk puts his designer's desk. right next to the assembly lines in the factories. so that they have to visualize what they drew. as it becomes the physical object.

- So understanding everything from the physics. all the way up to the software, so like end-to-end. - Well having an end-to-end control is important. Certainly with Steve Jobs, I'm looking at my iPhone here, it's a big deal. That hardware only works with Apple software, and for a while the iTunes store and only what worked, you know, so he has an end-to-end. that makes it like a zen garden in Kyoto. Very carefully curated, but a thing of beauty.

For Musk, when he first was at Tesla. and before he was the CEO, when he was just the executive chairman. and basically the finance person funding it, they were outsourcing everything. They were making the batteries in Japan, and the battery pack would be at some barbecue shop. in Thailand and then sent to the Lotus factory in England. to be put into a Lotus Elise chassis. That was a nightmare, and you did not have end-to-end control.

of the manufacturing process. So he goes to the other extreme. He gets a factory in Fremont from Toyota, and he wants to do everything in-house, the software in-house, the painting in-house, you know, the battery. He makes his own batteries. And I think that end-to-end control. is part of his personality. I mean there's a... But it also what allows Tesla to be innovative.

- Yeah, I got to see and understand in detail. one example of that, which is the development. of the brain of the car in Autopilot. going from MobileEye to in-house. building the Autopilot system to, basically getting rid of all sensors. that are not rich in data to make it AI friendly.

Sort of saying that we can do it all with vision, and like you said, removing some of the bolts. So sometimes it's small things, but sometimes it's really big things. like getting rid of radar. - Well, vision only, getting rid of radar is huge, and everybody's against it, and they're still fighting it a bit. - [Lex] Yes. - They're still trying. to do a next generation some form of radar. But it gets back to the first principles. We're talking about visualizing. Well he starts with the first principles,

and the first principles are physics, involve things like, well humans drive. with only visual input. They don't have radar, they don't have lidar, they don't have sonar. And so there is no reason in the laws of physics. that make it so that vision only. won't be successful in creating self-driving. Now that becomes an article of faith to him. and he gets a lot of pushback. But now, and he's by the way not been that successful.

in meeting his deadlines of getting self-driving. He's way too optimistic. But it was that first principles. of get rid of unnecessary things. Now you would think lidar, why not use it? Like why not use a crutch? It's like, yeah, we can do things vision only, but when I look at the stars at night, I use a telescope, too. Well, you could use lidar. but you can't do millions of cars that way at scale. At a certain point you have to make it.

not only a good product but a product that goes to scale. And you can't make it based on maps like Google Maps. 'cause it'll never be able to, you know, then drive from New Orleans to Slidell. where I want to go when it's too hot in New Orleans. Take for example, full self-drive. He has been obsessed with what he calls the Robotaxi. We're gonna build the next generation car. without a steering wheel. - Um hm. - Without pedals because it's gonna be full self-drive.

You just summon it, you won't need to drive it. Well, over and over again, all these people I've told you about, you know, Lars Moravy and Drew Baglino and others, they're saying, "Okay fine, that sounds really good, but you know, it ain't happened yet. We need to build a $25,000 mass market global car. that's just normal with a steering wheel.". And yeah, he finally turned around a few months ago. and said, "Let's do it.". And then he starts focusing on.

how's the assembly line gonna work? How are we gonna do it? And make it the same platform for Robotaxi. so you can have the same assembly line. Likewise for full self-drive. They were doing it by coding hundreds of thousands. of lines of code that would say things like, "If you see a red light, stop. If there's a blinking light, if there are two yellow lines do this. If there's a bike lane, do this. If there's a crosswalk, do that.". Well that's really hard to do. Now he's doing it through artificial intelligence.

and machine learning only. FSD 12 will be based on the billion or so frames. from Tesla each week of Tesla drivers and saying, "What happened when a human was in this situation? What did the human do? And let's only pick the best humans, the five-star drivers, the Uber drivers," as Elon says. And so that's him changing his mind. and going to first principles, but saying, "Alright, I'm even gonna change full self-driving.

so there's not rules-based, it becomes AI based. Just like ChatGPT doesn't try to answer your question, who were the five best popes or something by (indistinct). ChatGPT does it by having ingested. billions of pieces of writing that people have done. This will be AI, but real world done by ingesting video. - Sometimes it feels like he and others,

they're building things in this world successfully, are basically confidently exploring a dark room. with a very confident, ambitious vision. of what that room actually looks like. Like they're just walking straight into the darkness. There's no painful toys or legos on the ground. "I'm just going to walk. I know exactly how far the wall is.". And then very quickly willing to adjust. as they run into, they step on the Lego,

their body is filled with a lot of pain. What I mean by that is there's this kind of evolution. that seems to happen where you discover. really good ideas along the way that allow you to pivot. Like to me, since, you know, since a few years ago. when you could see with Andrej Karpathy. the software 2.0 evolution of Autopilot, it became obvious to me that this is not about the car,

this is about Optimist, the robot. This is like, if we look back 100 years from now, the car will be remembered as a cool car, nice transportation, but the Autopilot won't be the thing that controls the car. It'll be the thing that allows embodied AI systems. to understand the world broadly, that kind of approach, and you kinda stumble into it. Will Tesla be a car company?

Will it be an AI company? Will it be a robotics company? Will it be a home robotics company? Will it be an energy company? And then you kind of slowly discover this. as you confidently like push forward with a vision. So it's interesting to watch that kind of evolution. as long as it's backed by this confidence. - There are a couple of things that are required for that. One is being adventurous. One doesn't enter a dark room without a flashlight and a map.

unless you're a risk taker, unless you're adventurous. The second is to have iterative brain cycles. where you can process information. and do a feedback loop and make it work. The third, and this is what we failed to do. a lot in the United States. and perhaps around the world, is when you take risks, you have to realize you're gonna blow things up. You know, first three rockets that the Falcon Rockets.

that Musk does, they blow up. Even Starship three-and-a-half minutes, but then it blows up the first time. So I think Boeing and NASA and others. have become unwilling to enter your dark room. without knowing exactly where the exit is. and the lighted path to the exit. And the people who created America, whenever they came over, you know, whether the Mayflower, or as refugees from the Nazis,

they took a lot of risk to get here. And now I think we have more referees. than we have risk takers, more lawyers and regulators and others. saying, "You can't do that, that's too risky,". than people willing to innovate. And you need both. I think you're also right on 50, 100 years from now, what Musk will be most remembered for besides space travel,

is real-world AI. Not just Optimus, the robot, but Optimus, the robot and the self-driving car. They're pretty much the same. They're using, you know, GPU clusters or Dojo chips or whatever it may be. to process real-world data. We all got, and you did on your podcast, quite excited about large language model, you know, generative predictive text AI.

That's fine, especially if you want to chitchat. with your chat bot. But the holy grail is artificial general intelligence. And the tough part of that is real-world AI, and that's where Optimist, the robot, or full self drive are, I think, far ahead of anybody else. - Well, (Lex chuckling). I like how you said "chitchat.".

I would say for one of the greatest writers ever, it's funny that you spoke about language. and the mastery of languages as merely chitchat. You know, people have fallen in love over some words. People have gone to wars over some words. I think words have a lot of power. It's actually an interesting question. where the wisdom of the world, the wisdom of humanity. is in the words or is in visuals, in the physical. I don't really--. - [Walter] It's in mathematics.

- Maybe it all boils down to math and in the end, this kind of discussion about real-world AI. versus language is all the same, maybe. I've gotten a chance to hang out quite a bit. in the metaverse with Mr. Mark Zuckerberg recently, and boy is the realism in there, like the thing that's coming up. in the future is incredible. I got scanned in Pittsburgh for 10 hours.

into the metaverse and there's. like a virtual version of me and I got to hang out. with that virtual version. - Do you like yourself? - Well, I never like myself. But it was easier to like that other guy. That was interesting. I was like-- - [Walter] Did he like you? - He didn't seem to care much. (Lex laughs). - That's the lack of the empathy gene. (Lex laughing). - But that was, you know, it made me start to question even more than before,

like, well how important is this physical reality? Because I got to see, you know, myself and other people. in that metaverse like the details of the face, all the things that you think maybe if you look at yourself. in the mirror are imperfections, all this kind of stuff. When I was looking at myself and at others, all of those things were beautiful and it was like, it was real, and it was intense,

and it was scary because you're like, "Well are you allowed to murder people in the metaverse?". Because like, are you allowed to... 'Cause what are you allowed to do. because you can replicate a lot of those things. and you start to question what are the fundamental things. that make life worth living here as we know it as humans. - Have you talked to Elon about his views. of we're living in the simulation, maybe, and how you would figure out if that's true? - Yes, there's a constant lighthearted.

but also a serious sense that this is all a bit of a game. - One of my theories on Elon, a minor theory, is that he read "Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy". once too often. (Lex laughing). Yeah. (Lex chuckling). And as you know, there's a scene in there that says. that there's a theory about the universe. that if anybody ever discovers. the secrets of meanings of the universe, it will be replaced by an even more complex universe.

And then the next line Douglas Adams writes is, "And there's another theory that this has already happened.". (Lex laughing) - [Lex] Yeah. - So I'm not sure to get my head around that, but I know that Elon Musk tries to. - Well, there's a humor to that. - There's an enormous humor to "Hitchhiker's Guide,". and I really think that helped Musk. out of the darkest of his periods. to have sort of a sense of fun. of figuring out what life is all about. - I wonder if this is a small aside, we could say, just having gotten to know Elon very well, like the silliness, the willingness to engage.

in the absurdity of it all and have fun. What is that? Is that just a quirk of personality, or is that a fundamental aspect of a human. who's running six-plus companies? - Well, it's a release valve just like video games, and Polytopia, and Elden Ring are release valves for him. And he does have an explosive sense of humor, as you know.

And the weird thing is when he makes the abrupt transition. from dark demon mode, and you're in a conference room, and he has really become upset about something, and not only are there dark vibes, but there's dark words emanating, and he's saying, "Your resignation will be accepted if you die,". you know, et cetera. And then something pops and he pulls out his phone, and pulls up a Monty Python skit, you know, like the "School of Silly Walks,".

or whichever John Clees it was, and then he starts laughing again and things break. It's almost as if he has different modes, the emulation of human mode, the engineering mode, the dark and demon mode, and certainly there is the silly and giddy mode. - Yeah, you've actually opened the Elon book. with the quotes from Elon and from Steve Jobs. So Elon's quote is, "To anyone I've offended,

I just wanna say," this is on SNL, "I just wanna say I reinvented electric cars. and I'm sending people to Mars on a rocket ship. Did you also think I was going to be a chill normal dude?". And then the quote from Steve Jobs, of course, is, "The people who are crazy enough. to think they can change the world. are the ones who do.". So what do you think is the role. of the old madness and genius? What do you think of the role of crazy in this?

- Well, first of all, let's both stipulate that Musk is crazy, at times I mean, and then let's figure out, and I try to do it through storytelling, not through highfalutin preaching, where that craziness works. You know, gimme a story, tell me an anecdote, tell me where he's crazy. And you know, the almost final example, AI, but him shooting off Starship for the first time,

and between an aborted countdown in the shoot-off, he goes to Miami to an ad sales conference. and meets Linda Yaccarino for the first time, makes her the CEO. I mean there's a very impulsiveness to him. Then he flies back, they launch Starship, and you realize that there's a drive in their demons, and there's also craziness, and you sometimes wanna pull those out.

You wanna take away his phone. so he doesn't tweet at 3:00 a.m. You want to say, "Quit being so crazy.". But then you realize there's a wonderful line. of Shakespeare in "Measure for Measure" at the very end. He says, "Even the best are molded out of faults.". And so you take the faults of Musk, for example, which includes a craziness that can be endearing. but also a craziness that's just like effing crazy,

as well as this drive and demon mode. I don't know that you can take that strand out of the fabric. and the fabric remains whole. - I wonder, sometimes it saddens me. that we live in a society that doesn't celebrate. even the darker aspects of crazy. in acknowledging that it all comes into one package. It's the man in the arena versus the critic. - And the man in the arena versus the regulator,

and, to make it more prosaic. (Lex laughing). - Well let me ask about, not just the crazy but the cruelty. You've written when reporting as Steve Jobs, Woz told you that the big question to ask was, "Did he have to be so mean, so rough and cruel, so drama addicted?". What is this answer for Steve Jobs? Did he have to be so cruel. - For Jobs? I asked Woz at the end of my reporting,

'cause that's what he said at the beginning. We're doing the launch of, I think, the iPad two, it may have been. Steve is emaciated because, you know, he's been sick. And so I say to Woz, "What's the answer to your question?". And he said, "Well, if I had been running Apple, I would've been nicer to everybody. Everybody got stock ops and we'd been like a family.". And then I, I don't know if you know Woz, but he was like a teddy bear. He paused, he smiled and he said, "But if I had been running Apple, I don't think we would've done the Macintosh or the iPhone.".

So yeah, you have to sometimes be rough. And Jobs said the same thing that Musk said to me, which is he said, "People like you love wearing velvet gloves.". Now I don't know (Lex chuckling). that I've worn velvet gloves. often, (Lex laughing). but you like people to like you. You like to sweet talk things, your sugarcoat things. He says, "I'm just a working class kid. and I don't have that luxury.

If something sucks, I gotta tell people it sucks, or I got a team of B players.". Well Musk is that way as well, and it gets back to what I said earlier, which is yeah, I probably would wear velvet gloves. if I could find them. at my haberdasher. (Lex laughing). And I do try to sugarcoat things. but when I was running CNN--. - [Lex] Yeah. - it needed to be reshaped, it needed to be broken, it needed to have certain things blown up. - [Lex] Yeah. - And I didn't do it. - [Lex] Yeah. - You know, so bad on me.

But it made me realize, "Okay, I'll just write about the people who can do it.". - Well that thing of saying, I think probably both of them, but Elon certainly saying things like, "That is the stupidest thing I've ever heard.". - [Walter] Um hm. By the way I've heard Jeff Bezos say that. I've heard Bill Gates say that. I've heard Steve Jobs say it. I've heard Steve Jobs say it about a smoothie. They were making it at Whole Foods or something. (Lex laughing) People, they used. the word stupid really often. - [Lex] Yeah. - And you know who else used it? Errol Musk.

He kept making Elon stand in front of him and saying, "That's the stupidest thing. You're the stupidest person. You'll never amount to anything.". I don't know, you know, as Jon McNeil, the president of Tesla said, "Do you have to be that way?". Probably not. There are a lot of successful people who are much kinder, but it's sometimes necessary.

to be much more brutal and honest, brutally honest, I would say, than people like, who are, win Boss-of-the-Year trophies. - Well as you said, this kind of idea. did also send a signal, this idea of Steve Jobs of A players, it did send a signal to everybody. It was a kind of encouragement to the people. that are all in. - Right, and that happened at Twitter. When we went to Twitter headquarters.

the day before the takeover, he was having Andrew and James, his two young cousins, and other people. from the Autopilot team going over lines of code. And Musk himself sat there with a laptop. on the second floor of the building. looking at the lines of code that had been written. by Twitter engineers, and they decided they were gonna fire 85% of them. because they had to be all in. And this notion of psychological safety, and mental days off, and working remotely,

he said either... And then it came up, actually one of his, I think it was one of the cousins or maybe Ross Nordeen. came up with the idea of, "Let's not be so rough. and just fire all these people. Let's ask 'em, 'Do you really wanna be all in? 'cause this is gonna be hardcore, it's gonna be intense, you get to choose. But by midnight tonight, we want you to check the box. I'm hardcore all in, I'll be there in person, I'll work, you know as much, or that's not for me.

I've got a family, I got work balance.'". And you got different type of people that way. and different stages of their life. I was a little bit more hardcore and all in. when I was in my 20s than when I was, you know, in my 50s. - Yeah, and you write about this, it's a really nice idea actually. that there's two camps - [Walter] Um hm. - and you find out, I wonder how true this is. It rings true that you can just ask people, "Which camp are you in? Are you the kind of person that prides themselves,

that enjoy staying up till 2:00 a.m. programming or whatever? Or do you see the value of unquote unquote, you know, life, work-life balance," all this kind of stuff. And it's interesting, I mean you, like you could, people probably divide themselves. in different stages in life, and you could just ask them. and it makes sense for certain companies. in certain stages of their development to be like, "We only want--" - Or certain teams. It doesn't even have to be a whole company.

And you're right, it goes back to what I was saying about rule. The first secret is sort of know thyself, obviously comes from Plato. and everything comes from Plato and Socrates. But, and decide in this stage of my life, am I, do I wanna be a hackathon. all in all night and change the world? Or do I want to bring wisdom and stability. but also have balance? I think it's good to have different companies.

with different styles. The problem was Twitter was at almost one extreme. with yoga studios, and mental health days off, and enshrining psychological safety. as one of the mantras that people. should never feel psychologically threatened. And he, I remember the bitter laugh he unleashed. when he kept hearing that word. He said, "No, I like the words hard core. I like intensity. I like a intense sense of urgency.

as our operating principle.". Well yeah, there are people that way as well. So know who you are, and know what type of team you wanna build. - Versus psychological safety and too many birds everywhere. - Oh yeah, a lot of times Musk did things. and I go, "What the hell?" - [Lex] Yeah. - And among them was changing the name Twitter. and getting rid of the birds. Hey man, there's a lot invested in that brand. But when I watched him he thought, "Okay, these sweet little chirpy birds. tweeting away in the name Twitter,

it's not hardcore, it's not intense.". And so for better and for worse, I think he's taking X into the hardcore realm. with people who post hardcore things, with people with hardcore views. It's not a polite playpen. for the blue-checked anointed elite.

And I thought, "Okay, this is gonna be bad. The whole thing's gonna fall apart.". Well it has had problems, but the hardcore intensity of it. has also meant that there's new things happening there. So it's very Elon Musk. to not like this sweetness of birds. chirping and tweeting and saying, "I want something more hardcore.". - As you've written in referring. to the previous Twitter CEO, Elon said,

"Twitter needs a fire breathing dragon.". I think this is a good opportunity. to maybe go through some of the memorable moments. of the Twitter saga as you've written about. extensively in your book. - [Walter] Um hm. - Like from the early days of considering the acquisition. to how it went through to the details of, like you mentioned, the engineering teams. - Well, at the beginning of 2022, he was riding high, but as we say, he's a drama addict.

He doesn't like to coast. And you know, Tesla sold a million vehicles, I think 33 boosters had, you know, Falcon 9's had been shot up and landed safely. in the past few months, and he was the richest person on Earth, and Time's person of the year. And yet he'd said, you know, "I'm still wanna put all my chips back on the table. I want to keep taking risks. I don't wanna savor things.".

He had sold all of his houses. So he started secretly buying shares of Twitter. January, February, March, becomes public, at a certain point he has to declare it. And we were here in Austin at Gigafactory on the mezzanine. and he was trying to figure out, "Well, where do I go from here?". And at that time, it was early April, they were gonna offer him a board seat, and he was gonna do a standstill agreement. and stop at 10% or something.

And I remember, you know, we were standing around, it was Luke Nosek, whom you know well, Ken Howery, some of his friends on that mezzanine here, and all afternoon and then late into the evening. at dinner is like, "Should we do this?". And I didn't say anything, I'm just the observer, but everybody else is saying, "Excuse me, why do you want to own Twitter?". (Lex chuckling) And Griffin, his son, joined at dinner, and Maye for some reason was in town.

And like everybody says, "No, we don't use Twitter. Why would you do that?". And Maye said, "Well, I use Twitter.". And then it is almost like, okay, the demographics are people my age or Maye's age. And so it looked like he wasn't gonna pursue it. And they offered him a board seat, and then he went off to Hawaii to Larry Ellison's house, which he sometimes uses. He was meeting a friend, Angela Bassett, an actress.

And instead of enjoying three days of vacation, he just became supercharged. and started firing off text messages, including the fire breathing dragon one. I think, you know, he used that phrase a few times. that Parag wasn't the person. who was going to take Twitter to a new level. And then by the time he gets to Vancouver. where Grimes meets him, they stay up all night playing Elden Ring. He was doing a Ted Talk. And then at 5:30 he finishes playing the Elden Ring.

and sends out that, "I've made an offer.". Even when he comes back, people are trying to intervene and say, "Excuse me, why are you doing it?". And so it was a rocky period between late April and October. when the deal closes. And people ask me all the time, "Well, did he wanna get out of the deal?". I said, "Which Elon are you talking about. at what time of day?" - [Lex] Yeah. - Because there'll be times in the morning. when he'd say, "Oh, the Delaware court's.

gonna force me to do it, it's horrible.". Talk to his lawyers, "You can win this case, get me out of it.". He met here in Austin with three or four investment bankers, Blair Effron at Centerview, Bob Steel at Perella Weinberg, and they offered him options, "Do you wanna get out? Do you wanna stay in? Do you wanna reduce the price?". And I think his, he was mercurial. There were times he would text me or say to me, "This is gonna be great. It's gonna be the accelerant to do X.com.

the way we thought about 20 years ago.". And so it's not until they finally tell him. at the beginning of October, right when Optimist, the robot. is being unveiled in California actually, that the lawyers say, "You're not gonna probably win this case. Better go through with the deal.". And by then he's not only made his peace with it, he's kind of happy with it at times. Eventually the deal is gonna close on a,

I think a Friday morning, I have it in the book, and we're there on Thursday. and he's wandering around looking. at the Stay Woke tee-shirts. and psychological safety lingo they're all using. And he and his lawyers and bankers. hatched a plan to do a flash close. And the reason for that was if they closed the deal. after the markets had closed for the day,

and he could send a letter to Parag and to others. firing them, quote for cause, and this'll be something the courts. will have to figure out, then he could save 200 million or so. And it was both the money, but for him, a matter, I won't say of principle, but of, "Hey, they misled me about the numbers. I got forced into doing it. So I'm gonna try this jujitsu maneuver. and be able to get some money out of 'em.".

Then when he takes over, it's kind of a wild scene. Him trying to decide in three different rounds. how to get the staff down to 15% of what it was. Him deciding on Christmas Eve. after he'd been at a meeting where they told him, "We can't get rid of that Sacramento server farm. because it's need of a redundancy,". and he says, "No, it's not.". And he's flying here to Austin and young James says, "Why don't we just do it ourselves?". And he turns the plane around,

they land in Sacramento and he pulls him out himself. So it was a manic period. - We should also say that underneath of that, there was a running desire to, or a consideration to perhaps start a new company, to build a social media company from scratch. - Well, Kimbal wanted to do that, and Kimbal here at a wonderful restaurant. in Austin at lunch is like, "Hey, why are you buying Twitter? Let's start one from scratch and do it on the blockchain.". - [Lex] Yes.

- Now it took them a while and you can argue it. one way or the other, to come to the conclusion that the blockchain. was not fast enough in responsive time enough. to be able to handle a billion tweets, you know, in a day or so. He gets mad when they keep trying to get him. to talk to Sam Bankman Fried, who's trying to say, "I'll invest, but we have to do it on the blockchain.". Kimbal is still in favor of starting a new one. and doing it on blockchain-based.

In retrospect, I think starting a new media company. would've been better. He wouldn't have had the baggage or the legacy. that he's breaking now in breaking the way Twitter had been. But it's hard to have millions and million, hundreds of millions of true, true users, not just trolls, and start from scratch. as others have found, as Macedon and BlueSky and Threads, and I mean Threads even had a base,

so it would've been hard. - Yeah, and to do that in the way he did. requires another part that you write about. with the Three Musketeers and the whole engineering, the firing and the bringing in the engineers. to try to sort of go hardcore. So there's a lot of interesting sort of questions. to ask there, but the high level, can you just comment about that part of the saga, which is bringing in the engineers. and seeing like what can we do here?

- Right, he brought in the engineers. and figured that the amount of people. doing Tesla full self-driving Autopilot. and all the software there. was about one-10th of what was doing software for Twitter, and he said, "This can't be the case.". And he fired 85% in three different rounds. The first was just firing people. because they looked at the coding. and they had a team of people from Tesla's Autopilot team.

grading the codes of all that was written. in the past year or so. Then he fired people, you know, who didn't seem to be totally all in or loyal, and then another round of layoffs. So, at each step of the way, almost everybody said, "That's enough, it's going to destroy things." - [Lex] Yeah. - From Alex Spiro, his lawyer, to Jared Burchell. he's like, "Whoa, whoa, whoa" you know. And even Andrew and James, the young cousins.

who are tasked with making a list. and figuring out who's good or bad, say, "We've done enough. We're going to be in real trouble.". And they were partly right. I mean there was degradation of the service some, but not as much as half the services. I use half the time, you know? And I wake up each morning and hit the app. and okay, still there. - Well, do you think, was that too much? - I think that he has an algorithm that we mentioned earlier.

that begins with question every requirement, but step two is delete, delete, delete, delete every part there. And then a corollary to that is if you don't end up. adding back 20% of what you deleted, then you didn't delete enough in the first round. 'cause you were too timid. Well, so you asked me did he overdo it? He probably overdid it by 20%, which is his formula, and they're probably. trying to hire people now to keep things going.

- But it sends a strong signal. to people that are hired back. or the people that are still there, the A-player idea. - Yeah. And what Steve Jobs and many other great leaders felt, and certainly Bezos, and certainly. in the early days of Microsoft, Bill Gates, it was hardcore only A players. - So how much of Elon's success would you say. Elon's and Steve Jobs's success, is the hiring and managing of great teams? - When I asked Steve Jobs at one point,

"What was the best product you ever created?". I thought he'd say maybe the Macintosh. or maybe the iPhone. He said, "No, those products are hard. The best thing I ever created. was the team that made those products.". And that's the hard part is creating a team. And he did, you know, from Jony Ive to Tim Cook. and Eddie Cue and Phil Schiller. Elon has done a good job bringing in people.

Gwynne Shotwell, obviously, Linda Yaccarino, she's, you know, can navigate through the current crises. Certainly stellar people at SpaceX. like Mark Juncosa, and then at Tesla, like Drew Baglino and Lars Marovy, and Tom Zhu and many others. He's not as much of a team collaborator. as say Benjamin Franklin, who by the way,

that's the best team ever created, which is the founders. And you had to have. really smart people - [Lex] Yes. - like Jefferson and Madison. and really passionate people like John Adams. and his cousin Samuel and really a guy. of high rectitude like Washington. But you also needed a Ben Franklin. who could bring everybody together. and forge a team out of them. and make them compromise with each other. Musk is a magnet for awesome talent. - Magnet, interesting. But there's like the priorities of hiring.

of based on excellence, trustworthiness and drive. These are things you've described. - [Walter] Yeah. - Throughout the book. I mean there is a pretty. concrete and rigorous set of ideas. based on which the hiring is done. - Oh yeah, and he has a very good spidey intuitive sense, just looking at people who could, I mean not looking at them but studying them,

who could be good. One of his ways of operating. is what he calls a skip level meeting. And let's take a very specific thing like the Raptor engine, which is powering the Starship and it wasn't going well. It looked like a spaghetti bush. and it was gonna be hard to manufacture. And he got rid of the people. who were in charge of that team. And I remember that he spent a couple of months.

doing what he called skip level, which means instead of meeting with his direct reports. on the Raptor team, he would meet with the people one level below them. And so he would skip a level and meet with them. And he said, this is, "And I'd just ask 'em what they're doing. and I drill them with questions,". and he said, "and this is how I figure out. who's going to emerge.". He said it was particularly difficult, I was sitting in those meetings. 'cause people were wearing masks. It was during the height of COVID.

and he said it made it a little bit harder for him. because he has to get the input. But I watched as a young kid, dreadlocks, named Jacob McKenzie, he's in the book, is sitting there and he is a bit like you, engineering mindset, speaks in a bit of a monotone. Musk would ask a question and he would give an answer. and the answer would be very straightforward, and he didn't, you know, get rattled. He was like this. And Musk said one day, called him up at 3:00 a.m.,

well I won't say 3:00 a.m. but after midnight. said, "You still around?". Jake said, "Yeah, I'm still at work.". And he said, "Okay, I'm gonna make you in charge of the team building Raptor.". And that was like a big surprise. But Jacob McKenzie has now gotten a version of Raptor. and where they're building him at least one a week. and they're pretty awesome. And that's where his talent, Musk's talent,

for finding the right person and promoting them, that's where it is. - And promoting it in a way where it's like, here's the ball, here catch. - [Walter] Yeah. Yeah. - And you run with it. I've interacted with quite a few folks. from even just the Model X. all throughout where people, you know, on paper. don't seem like they would be able to run the thing, and they run it extremely successfully. - And he does it wrong sometimes. He's had a horrible track record. with the solar roof division.

Wonderful guy named Brian Dow, I really liked him. And when they were doing the battery factory surge. in Nevada, Musk got rid of two or three people. and there's Brian Dow, can do, can do, can do. Stays up all night and he gets promoted and runs it. And so finally Musk goes through two or three people. running the solar roof division, finally calls up Brian Dow. I was sitting in Musk's house in Boca Chica, that little tiny two bedroom he has,

and he offers Brian Dow the job of running solar roof. And you know, Brian there, "Okay, can do, can do.". And two or three times Musk insisted. that they install a solar roof. in one of those houses in Boca Chica. This is this tiny village at the south end of Texas. And late at night. I mean I'd have to climb up to the top of the roof. on these ladders and stand on this peaked roof. as Musk is there saying, "Why do we need four screws to put in this single leg?".

And Brian was just sweating and doing everything. But then after a couple of months it wasn't going well. and boom, Musk just fired him. So I always try to learn what is it. that makes those who stay thrive? - What's the lesson there? What do you think? - Well, I think it's self-knowledge. like an Andy Krebs or others. They say, "I am hardcore.

I really want to get a rocket to Mars. and that's more important than anything else.". One of the people, I think it's Tim Zaman, I hope when he hears this, I'm getting him. the right person who, you know, took time, he was working for Tesla Autopilot. and it was just so intense. He took some time off and then went to another company. He said, "I was burned out at Tesla, but then I was bored at the next place. So I called, (Lex laughing). I think it was Ashok at Tesla, said, 'Can I come back?'". He said, "Sure." - [Lex] Yeah.

- He said, "I've learned about myself, I'd rather be burned out than bored.". (Lex laughing) - That's a good line. Well, can you just linger on one of the three. that seem interesting to you in terms of excellence, trustworthiness, and drive? Which one do you think is the most important. and the hardest to get at? The trustworthiness is an interesting one, like are you ride or die kind of thing? - Yeah, I think that especially when it came. to taking over Twitter, he thought half the people there were disloyal. - [Lex] Yeah. - And he was wrong.

About two-thirds were disloyal, not just half. (Lex laughing). And it was how do we weed out those? And he did something and made the firing squad, I call it, or the Musketeers, I think is my nickname for them, which is, you know, the young cousins. and two or three other people, he made them look at the Slack messages. these people had posted, everybody at Twitter had posted, and they went through hundreds of Slack messages. So if anybody posted on the internal Slack, "You know, that jerk, Elon Musk, is gonna take over.

and I'm afraid that he's a maniac or something,". they would be on the list because they want all-in loyal. They did not look at private Slack messages. And I guess people who are posting. on a corporate Slack board should be aware. that your company can look at them. But that's more than I would've done. or most people would've done. And so that was to figure out. who's deeply committed and loyal.

I think that was mainly the case at Twitter. He doesn't sitting around at SpaceX saying, "Who's loyal to me?". At other places it's excellence, but that's pretty well a given. Everybody is like a Mark Juncosa, just whip smart. It's are you hardcore and all in? Especially-- - [Lex] Yeah. - If you've got to move to this spit of a town. in the south tip of Texas called Boca Chica,

you know, you gotta be all in. - Yeah. And that's the drive, the last piece. So you, in terms of collaborating, one of the great teams of all time, (Lex chuckling) Ben Franklin, I like that, thought it was the Beatles but Ben Franklin. is pretty good. - [Walter] Oh, no, no, no. - I'm sorry. - Yeah. - [Lex] Sorry to offend you. - Read the Constitution then read Abbey Road. (Lex laughing) Look at Abbey Road. They're both good but they're in a different league. - Yeah, different league. Okay so one of the many things that comes to mind. with Ben Franklin is incredible time management.

- [Walter] Um hm. - Is there something you could say. about Ben Franklin and about Steve Jobs? I think interesting with Elon is that he, as you write, runs six companies. It depends upon how you count Starlink. 'cause it's own thing. I don't know. - [Walter] Yeah. - What can you say about these people. in terms of time management? - Well, Musk is in a league of his own. in the way he does it.

First of all, Steve Jobs had to run. Pixar and Apple for a while, but Musk every couple of hours is switching his mindset. from how to implant the Neuralink chip. and what will the robot that implants it in the brain. look like and how fast can we make it move. And then the heat shield on the Raptor. or switching to human imitation, machine learning, full self-drive. On the night that the Twitter board agreed to the deal,

this is huge around the world. I'm sure you remember, like Musk buys Twitter. It wasn't when the deal closed, it was when the Twitter accepted his offer. And I thought, "Okay.". But then he went to Boca Chica, to South Texas, and spent time fixating on, if I remember correctly, a valve in the Raptor engine that had a methane leak issue.

and what were the possible ways to fix it. And all the engineers in that room, I assume are thinking about, "This guy just bought Twitter. Should we say something?" - [Lex] Yeah. - And he's like... And then he goes with Kimbal. to a roadside joint in Brownsville. and just sits in the front and listens to music. with nobody noticing really him being there. One of the things that's one of his strengths.

and sort of weaknesses in a way is in a given day, he'll focus serially, sequentially on many different things. He will worry about uploading video. onto x.com or the payment system, and then immediately switch over to some issue. with the FAA giving a permit for Starship,

or with how to deal with Starlink and the CIA. And when he's focused on any of these things, you cannot distract him. And it's not like he's also thinking about, "I'm dealing with Starlink, but I've gotta also worry about the Tesla decision. on the new $25,000 car.". Now he'll, in between these sessions, process information, then let off steam, and for better or worse, he lets off steam.

by either playing a friend in Polytopia. or fire off some tweets, which is often not a healthy thing, but it's a release for him and he doesn't... I once said he was a great multi-tasker. and that was a mistake. People corrected me. He's a serial tasker, which means focuses intensely on a task for an hour, almost has a, what do they call it at restaurants. where they give you a--.

- [Lex] Palate. - Palate cleanser. (both laughing) - [Lex] Yeah. - He does some palate cleanser with Polytopia. - [Lex] Yeah. - And then focuses. on the next task. - I mean, is there some wisdom about time management. that you can draw from that? - There's some things that these people do. and you say, "Okay, I can be that way. I can be more curious. I can question every rule and regulation.". I just don't think anybody should try. to emulate Musk's time management style. because it takes a certain set of teams.

who know how to deal with everything else. other than the thing he's focusing on, and a certain mind that can shift, just like his moods can shift. You and I go through transitions. And also if I'm thinking about. what I'm gonna say on this podcast, I'm also thinking about the email my daughter. just sent about a house that she's looking, you know, and I'm, I'm multitasking. He doesn't actually do that. He single tasks sequentially with a focus that's hardcore.

- I don't know, I think there's wisdom. to draw from that to like, first of all, he makes me... Ben Franklin makes me feel that way, that there's a lot of hours in the day, there's a lot of minutes in the day. Like there's no excuse not to get a lot done, and then requires just an extreme focus, an extreme focus, - [Walter] Yes. - and like an urgency. - I think the fierce urgency. that drives him is important.

And it's sometimes ginned up, like I say, the fierce urgency of getting to Mars. And on a Friday night at the launchpad in Boca Chica. at 10:00 p.m., there are only a few people working. 'cause it's a Friday night. and they're not supposed to launch. for another eight months. And he orders a surge. He says, "I want 200 people here by tomorrow. working on this pad. We have to have a fierce sense of urgency. or we will never get to Mars.".

- That sense of urgency, you know, is also a vibrancy. that's like really taking on life fully. I mean that, to me that's the lesson is like. even the mundane can be full of this just richness. and like you just have to really take it in intensely. So like the switching enables that kind of intensity, 'cause most of us can't hold that intensity in any one task.

for a prolonged period of time. Maybe that's also a lesson. - Right, and I guess it goes back to also know who you are, meaning-- - [Lex] Know who you are. - There are people who can focus intensely, and there are people who can see patterns. across many things. Look, Leonardo da Vinci, he was not all that focused. He was easily distracted. - [Lex] Procrastinated. - It's why he has more unfinished paintings. than finished paintings. in his canon. - [Lex] Yeah.

- But his ability to see patterns across nature. and to, in some ways, process, procrastinate, be distracted, that helped him some, but Musk is not that way. Every few months there's a new surge. You don't know where it'll be, but you'll be on solar roofs and all of a sudden. we'll have a surge and there has to be, you know, 100 solar roofs built, or this has to be done by tomorrow,

or make a Starship dome by dawn, and surge and do it. And there are people who are built that way. It is inspiring. But also let's appreciate, you know, that there are people who can be really good, but also can savor the success, savor the moment, savor the quiet sometimes. Musk's big failing is he can't savor.

the moment or success. And that's the flip side of hardcore intensity. - In "Innovators," another book of yours that I love, you write about individuals and about groups. So one of the questions the book addresses is, is it individuals or is it groups. that turn the tides of history? - When Henry Kissinger was on the shuttle missions. for the Middle East peace is the first book I ever wrote.

He said, "When I was a professor at Harvard, I thought that history was determined. by great forces and groups of people. But when I see it up close, I see what a difference an individual can make.". He's talking about Sadat and Golda Meir, probably talking about himself too, or at least in his mind. And we biographers have this dirty secret. that we know we distort history a bit. by making the narrative too driven by an individual.

But sometimes it is driven by an individual. Musk is a case like that. And sometimes, as I did with "The Innovators,". there's teams and people who build on each other, and Gordon Moore and Bob Noyce, then getting Andy Grove and doing the microchip, which then comes out and Wozniak and Jobs. find it at some electronic store. and they decide to build the Apple. And so sometimes there are flows of forces.

and groups of people. I guess I err a little bit on the side. of looking at what a Steve Jobs, and Elon Musk, and Albert Einstein can do. And I also try to figure out if they hadn't been around, would the forces of history and the groups of people. have done it without them? That's a good historical question, as, you know, somebody who loves history. And you think about special relativity,

one of the 1905 papers. Even after he writes it, it's four years before people truly get what he's saying, which is it's not just how you observe time is relative, it's time itself is relative. And on the general theory, which he does a decade later, I'm not sure we would gotten that yet. What about moving us into the era of an iPhone. in which it's so beautiful that you can't live. without 1,000 songs in your pocket,

email, and the internet in your pocket and the phone? There are a lot of brain-dead people. from Panasonic to Motorola who didn't get that, and it may have been a while. I certainly think it's true of the era of electric vehicles. Jim and Ford, all the great people there, they crushed the bolt, and I mean that literally. They ended up smashing 'em. because they decided to discontinue it. Likewise, nobody was sending up rockets. Our space shuttle was about to be grounded 12 years ago.

And so Musk does things, and there'll be people who say and read the... Well if they read the book they'll see the full story. But they'll say it wasn't Musk who did Tesla, it was Martin Eberhard or Marc Tarpenning. No, no, no. You know, there were people who had helped create, you know, the shells of companies and other things, and they were all deserved to be called co-founders. But the guy who actually gets us.

to a million electric vehicles a year is Elon Musk, and without him, I don't think we... Look, if anybody, five years from now, buys a car that's gasoline-powered, we'll think, "That's quaint.". You know, "That's odd.". I mean suddenly we've changed. We're not gonna do it. 90% of that is Elon Musk. - We're all mortal. When and how do you think Elon will retire.

from the insanely productive schedule he's on now? - I would think that he would hate to retire. I think that he can't live without the pressure, the drama, the all-in feeling. It's never been anything. that seemed to have crossed his mind. He's never said, "Maybe I love Larry Ellison's house. on the beach in Hawaii. Maybe I should spend time in doing.".

Instead he says things like, "I learned early on that vacations will kill you.". (both laughing). He gets malaria when he goes on one... I mean he goes on vacation at one point. and they oust him from PayPal, and then he goes to Africa at one point, he gets malaria. He says, "I've learned, vacations kill you." - Lesson learned. Well it's interesting because the projects. are 100-plus year projects, many of these. - One of the weird things. is watching him think incredibly long term.

One of the meetings every week. early on when I was watching him was Mars colonizer. And we'd sit through a two-hour meeting. about what would the governance structure be on Mars? What would people wear? How would the robots work? And would there be democracy. or should there be a different form of governance? And I'm sitting there saying,

"What are they doing? What are they talking about?". I mean, they're trying to build rocket ships. and everything else. They are worrying about the governance structure of Mars? And likewise, whenever he's in a tense moment. like there's a rocket's about to be launched, he'll start asking people about something in the way future, like the new Elite engine or something, if we're gonna build that. "Do we have enough materials ready to order?". Or, I don't know, he'll just ask questions.

Like when he's building Robotaxi, the global car, the $25,000 inexpensive global car, that's not a total passion. He was talked into doing that. His passion is Robotaxis. But his passion is how are we gonna make this factory. to do a million cars a year? So even the Robotaxi is a longer range vision. I mean he's been touting it since 2016, but you know, we're not, there are no Robotaxis.

I mean there's, Waymo may be doing a little experiment, but there's not cars being manufactured. without steering wheels that are going. to take over the highways. Yet so he is always looking way into the future is my point. - I just hope that there's a lot of da Vinci's. and Steve Jobs's and Einstein's and Elon Musk's. that carry the flame forward. - That's one of the reasons you write books.

about these people is so that. if you're a young woman in a school. where you're not being told to do science. and you read "The Code Breaker" about Jennifer Doudna, you say, "Okay, I can be that.". And when you say, "Oh, maybe I'll be a regulator,". or you say, "Oh no, maybe I'll be the person. who pushes the boundaries, who pushes the lines, who pushes," as Steve Jobs said, "the human race.". - Well, lemme ask you about. your mind, your genius, your process.

- I'll give you two out of three. - All right. Take me through your process of writing a biography, I mean the full of it. Not just writing a biography, but understanding deeply. which your books have done. for the human story and like the bigger ideas. underlying the human story. So you've written biographies, both of individuals which are hardly individuals.

It's a really big complex picture. And biographies of ideas that involve individuals. - Well, step one for me is trying to figure out. how the mind works. What causes Einstein to make that leap? For Elon Musk to say stainless steel. while he's looking at a carbon fiber rocket. Or how do you make the mental leap? Because I write about smart people. Smart people are a dime a dozen.

They don't usually amount to much. You have to be creative, imaginative, to think different, as Jobs would say. And so what makes people creative? What makes them take imaginative leaps? That's the key question you gotta ask. You also ask the questions like you've asked earlier, which is what demons are jangling in their head. and how do they harness them into drives? So you look at all that and you try to observe. really carefully the person. One of the more mundane things I do.

is a lot of writers try to give you. a lot of their opinions and preach or whatever. As I said, this mentor said, "Two people types come out, preachers or storytellers," to be a storyteller. I try, whenever I'm trying to convey a thought, there's six magic words.

that I almost should have written on a card. pinned above my desk, which is, "Let me tell you a story.". So if somebody says, "How does Elon Musk figure out good talent,". as you did, I think, "Well let me tell you the story. I'll tell you the story of Jake McKenzie.". Or this is not something I invented. I mean this is what, the good Lord does it in the Bible. I mean that's the best opening lead sentence ever.

You know, "In the beginning," comma, and then it's stories. And secondly, to pick up on that lead sentence, "In the beginning," make it chronological. Everybody in the 40th year of their life. has grown from the 39th year and the 38th year. And so you want to show how people evolve and grow. I have the greatest of all non-fiction narrative editors, Alice Mayhew at Simon & Schuster, who among other things created, "All the President's Men,".

with Woodward and Bernstein. But she had a note she'd put in the margins of my books. That was a Ticta and it meant all things in good time. Keep it chronological. If it's good enough for the Bible, it's good enough for you. - Interesting to me, like that's a small note, but to you it's extremely important. - Because it's the framework for how you structure things, but also how you understand things, which is if you keep it a chronological narrative,

then you're showing how a person has grown. from one experience you've talked about. to the next one. And that moral growth, creative growth, risk-taking growth, wisdom, that's the essences of creativity. But you can't do it. You know, there's a term, buildings (indistinct), you know, which is a, you know, book of, you know, that carries a narrative, entails how people learn something.

I'm a big believer in narrative. If you are an academic, you sometimes, not today, but in like 20 years ago, 30 years ago, there were two things you thought were bad. One was having a great person theory of history. in which you decided to do biography. I had a great professor when I was in college. Her name was Doris Kearns. She later married Dick Goodwin. And she, when she was going for tenure at the university,

wrote a biography of "Lyndon Johnson. and the American Dream.". And they denied her tenure. because it was beneath the dignity of the academy. to write history through one person. That's great. It opened up the field of biography to us non-academics, starting with David McCullough, Bob Caro, but maybe Jon Meacham and myself are in a new generation,

and certainly there's a generation coming after us. But the second thing besides telling it through people, is the academy tended to disdain. what they called imposing a narrative. in which you made it storytelling, 'cause that meant you were leaving things out. and making it into a narrative. Well that's how we form our views of the world.

- Well let me ask you this question. In terms of gathering an understanding, how much of it is one observing, and how much of it is interviews? - Yeah, it obviously depends on the subject. I mean, with a Ben Franklin, it's all based on archives and every... Of course, we have 40 volumes of letters he wrote. That was the good old days. when every day you'd write 20 letters. The Musk book is based much more on observation.

than almost any of my books. because he opened up in a way. that was breathtaking to me. You know, even when he would be sitting. playing Polytopia or seething at other people, you know, he'd have me just sitting there watching. I mean, I spent a lot of time. with Jennifer Doudna at her side. I went to her lab and edited a human gene, and you know, with a pipette and a test tube. But I would say I spent 30 hours with her.

I can't count, you know, 100 hours or more. just observing Musk. And I'm not sure that any biographer, perhaps since Boswell took on Dr. Johnson, has ever had quite as much up close, meaning five feet away at all times access. And because of that,

I'll go back to what I said a moment ago, I try to get out of the way of the story. It's not about me. I try to just say, "Okay, here's what happened, here's this story, here's what happened the night he came in to Twitter. for the first time,". and let you form your own judgment. - What about the interviews? You've had a lot of conversations. you give acknowledgement to the people. you've done interviews with. Well, one, I have to ask,

as an inspiring interviewer myself, how? - People love to talk. People just love, you know that. (Lex laughing). - I've had 140, maybe 150 people, they're all listed. in the back. - [Lex] Yeah. - One of the little things that people won't notice, but I'll say it now, is all of 'em are on the record. Getting 'em to talk is easy. They all wanna talk about Musk. But then at a certain point say, I don't put anonymous quotes in my book. I cite things.

I say, "If you're tough enough. and you've gone through this,". and a lot of times it takes two or three calls back, somebody will tell me a story and say, "Oh, no, no, no, I (indistinct).". But I think it's important. to know where everything came from. And with Musk it's, you know, I had that from the very beginning. because I was a Time Magazine reporter. I'd worked reporter for the Times, pick a year, New Orleans. First day on the job, I had to go cover a murder.

I phoned in the story from a payphone and my editor, you know, the city editor said, "Well, did you talk to the family?". I went, "No, Billy, I mean the family, you know, the daughter just got...". He said, "Go knock on the door.". I knocked on the door. An hour later they were still talking. They were bringing out her yearbooks. Lesson one I learned, people want to talk. if you're willing to just listen. And whether it be Henry Kissinger, you just push the button and say "Kissinger,". and people tell you the stories, all the way through Elon Musk.

Everybody talked, everybody in his family, everybody he fired, everybody. I mean, I think it's important to listen to people. And the other thing I learned as a reporter, back when I was covering politics in New Hampshire, in the early campaigns, I learned from two or three great reporters, a guy named David Broder and Tim Russert, the late NBC guy. They do what was called door knocking. You just walk in a neighborhood, knock on a door. and ask people about the election. But they said, "Here's the secret.

Don't ask any leading questions. Don't have any premise. Just say, 'Hey, I'm trying to figure out this election. What's going on? What do you think?'. And then stay silent.". With Musk, a third secret. You know this well. He'll go silent at times. Sometimes a minute, two minutes, four minutes. Don't try to fill the silences. If you're a listener, you gotta learn, "Okay, he's not saying anything for four minutes.

I can outlast him.". - It's tough. It's us humans, it's very tough. Respecting his silence is really, really difficult. Speaking of demons, when there's silence, all the demons show up in my head. - Oh dear. - The fear, I think is, if I don't say anything, it's boring, and if I say something, it's gonna be stupid, and that the basic engine that just keeps running, not on the podcast, well on the podcast, but also in human interaction. And so I think there's that nervous energy.

when interacting with people. - You can never go wrong by staying silent. if there's nothing you have to say. Not something I've mastered. But I do when I'm a reporter try to master that, which is don't ask complex questions, don't interject. And when somebody hasn't fully answered the question, don't say, "Well let me, you haven't fully...". just stay silent.

And then they'll keep talking. - Just give 'em a chance to keep talking, even if they've kind of finished, you still... - Sometimes they haven't given you enough. Instead of following up, I'll just nod and keep waiting. - You're making it sound simple. Is there a secret to getting people to open up more? - I'm somewhat lucky because, you know, I started off working for a daily newspaper, and people back then, they wanna talk to the newspaper reporter.

- But you also have a way about you. Like, I feel like you have like a cowboy in a saloon. Like you just kinda wanna talk, like there's a draw to... I don't know. (Lex laughing). I don't know what it is. Maybe it's, I don't know if it's developed. or you're born with it, but there's a, it feels like I want to tell you a story of some sort. (Lex laughing) - [Walter] Go ahead, and tell me a story. (both laughing). A couple things. I did learn to be more quiet. I'm sure, I know, when I was younger. or even I'll see videos of me at,

you know, news things where I'm always trying. to interject a question, and so you learn to be quieter sometimes. I haven't mastered it, I haven't learned it enough. You learn to be naturally curious. Many reporters today, when they ask a question. are either trying to play gotcha, or trying to get a news scoop, or trying to, you know, gig something that can make a lead.

And if you actually are curious, and you really want to know the answer to a question, then people can tell that you asked it. because you want the answer, not because you're playing a game with them. - I'm sure some of them off the record, some of them on the record, you had maybe, you know, just some incredible conversations. I was gonna say some of the greatest conversations ever,

but who knows. Some of the best conversations ever. are probably somewhere in South America. between-- - [Walter] Yeah. - two drunk people that we never get to hear. So I don't, I don't know. But is there advice you can give. from what you've learned, to somebody like me on how to have good conversation, especially when it's recorded? - Well, to be actually curious. I mean, every question you've asked me is. 'cause I think you actually want to know the answer. and you've done your homework,

to be open and not to have an agenda. I mean, we all suffer from there being. too many agendas in the world today. - Yeah, so that, just genuine curiosity. But there's something, when you talk about just one-on-one interaction, whether it's Elon or Steve Jobs, there's something beautiful about that person's mind, and it feels like it's possible to reveal that,

to discover that together efficiently, and that's kind of the goal of a conversation. - Well, I mean, look, you're amongst the top podcasters and interviewers, you know, in the world today. You have an earnestness to you. Ben Franklin is the person who taught me, I mean by reading him, the most about on conversation.

He wrote a wonderful essay on that. It includes on silence. But it includes trying to ask sincere questions. rather than get a point across. I mean, it's somewhat Socratic, but whenever he wondered. or wanted to like start a Fireman's Corps in Philadelphia,

he would go to his group. that he called, "The Leather Apron Club,". and they would pose a question, "Why don't we have it? What would it take? What would be good?". And then the second part is to make sure that you listen. And if somebody has even just the germ of an idea, give them credit for it. Like, "As Joe said," you know, "the real problem is this.". And I do think.

that if I'm in situations, and I just mean even at dinner or something. and I'm with somebody, I'm usually curious and I'll... The conversation will proceed, you know, with questions. And I guess it's also 'cause I'm pretty interested. in what anybody's doing, whoever I happen to be with. And so that's a talent you have, which is, you're pretty genuine in your interests.

There're people like Benjamin Franklin, like the, I'll say Charlie Rose, even though he is in disfavor, who are interested in a huge number of subjects, and I think that helps as well, to be interested in basketball, and opera, and physics, and metaphysics. That was a Ben Franklin, that was a Leonardo trick, which is they wanted to know everything. you could possibly know about every subject knowable. - But there's a different aspect of this,

which is that I would love to hear. how you've solved it or if you've faced it. that you're certainly disarming. Sound like peppering you with compliments here, (Walter laughing). trying to get you to open. - That's a very. disarming method. - [Lex] Yeah. I've recently talked to Benjamin Netanyahu. We'll talk again. We unfortunately, 'cause of scheduling and complexities, only had one hour, which is very difficult, very difficult with the charismatic--. - Yeah, he's the prime minister. - I understand this.

But he's also a charismatic talker, which is very difficult to break through in one hour. But there, people have built up walls, whether it's because of demons. or because of, they're politicians, and so they have agendas, and narratives, and so on, and so to break through those, I wonder if there's some advice, some wisdom you've learned. on how to sort of wear down through water. or whatever method the walls that we've built.

up as individuals. - I mean, you call it disarming, which I don't know that I am, but disarming basically means. you're taking down their shields, also. And you know, when people have a shield. and you try to give them comfort. I had zero of that problem with Elon Musk. I mean, it was like disarming to me, which is, I kept waiting to say, "Okay, he's not gonna... He's got a shell, or he won't do that.".

But he was almost crazily open. and did not seem to wanna be spinning, or hiding, or faking things. And I've been lucky. Doudna was that way. Steve Jobs was that way. But you have to put in time, too. In other words, you can't say,

"Okay, there's a one-hour interview. and I'm gonna break down every wall.". It's like on your fifth visit. - Yes, well actually there's one of the things. in my situation you learn, fifth visit is very nice, but sometimes you don't get a fifth visit. Sometimes it's just the first date. And I think what it boils down to, and we said disarming, but there's something about this person that you trust. I think a lot of it just boils down to trust.

in some deep human way. And I think with many other people I've spoken with, sometimes the trust happens like after the interview, which is really sad because it's like, "Ah, man.". - I've never been in your situation where I have a show. I usually have-- - Second acts. - At the wheel. (both laughing). I'm not a first-date person. - [Lex] Yeah. Yeah, yeah. Well, you know. - But then I'm lucky. I mean, I say lucky, but I'm in print, you know. - [Lex] I understand.

- Print is a couple thousand year old medium. But there are those of us who love it. - Well, the nature of the podcast medium. is that I'm a one one-night-stand kinda girl. Let me ask you about objectivity. You've followed Elon and you've followed... Like you're, I mean, I don't even know if you would say you're a friend. You have to be careful with words like that. But you're, there's an intimacy. And how do you remain objective?

Do you want to remain objective. while telling a deeply human story? - Yeah, I mean, I want to be honest, which I think is akin to being objective. I try to keep in mind who am I writing for? I'm not writing for Elon Musk, as I say, I haven't sent him the book. I don't know if he... I don't think he's read it yet. I've got one person I'm writing for, the open-minded reader.

And if I can put in a story and say, "Well, that will piss off the subject,". or, "That will really make the subject happy,". that's irrelevant, or I try to make that a minor consideration. It's will the reader have a better understanding. because I've put this story in the book. - I'm a bit of a romantic.

So to me, even your Einstein book--. - [Walter] Yeah. - had lessons on romance and relationships. - Ooh dear. (both laughing). - So how important are romantic relationships. to the success of great men, great women, great minds? - Well, sometimes people who affect the course of humanity. have better relationships with humanity. than they do with the humans sitting around 'em. Einstein had two interesting.

relationships with wives, you know. Mileva, his first wife was a sounding board. and helped with the mathematics. of the special relativity paper in particular, but he didn't treat her well. I mean, he made her like sign a letter. that she wouldn't interrupt him, she wouldn't, you know. And finally when she wanted a divorce, he couldn't afford it 'cause he was still a patent clerk. And so he offered her a deal,

which is I think totally amazing. He said, "One of these days, one of those papers from 1905. is gonna win the Nobel Prize. If we get a divorce,". you know, "I'll give you the money.". That was a lot of money back then, like a million dollars now or something. And she's smart, she's a scientist. She consults with a few other scientists, and after a week or so she takes the bet. Is that until what, 1919 that he wins his Nobel Prize?

And she gets all the money. She buys three apartment buildings in Zurich. With his second wife, Elsa, it was more a partnership of convenience. It was not a romantic love, but he knew. And that's sometimes what people need in life. is just a partner, I mean somebody who's gonna handle the stuff. you're not gonna handle. So I guess if you look at my books,

they're not great inspiring guides. to personal relationships. - Let me ask you about actually. the process of writing itself. When you've observed, when you've listened, when you've collected all the information, what's maybe even just the silly mundane question. of what do you eat for breakfast before you start writing? When do you write? - First of all, breakfast is not my favorite meal. And those people who tell you. that you have to start with a hearty breakfast.

- [Lex] A raw-- - Look Askens. - [Lex] Yes. - And morning is not my favorite day part, so I write at night. And because I love narrative, it's easy to structure a book, which is, I can make a outline. that if I printed it out or notes. would be 100 pages, but everything's in order. In other words, if there's a Burning Man,

and he's coming back from Grimes, and then there's a solar roof thing, and then there's something, I put it all in order day-by-day as an outline. And that disciplines me when I'm starting to write, to follow the mantra from Alice Mayhew, my first editor, which is all things in good time. Don't get ahead of the story, don't have to flashback. And then after you get it. so that it's all chronological, you know, things, then you have to do some clustering.

You know, you have to say, "Okay, we're going to do the decision. to do Starship or to build a factory in Texas. or to whatever.". And then you sometimes have the organizational problem. of, "Yeah, and that gets us all the way up to here. Do I keep that in that chapter. or do I wait until later. when it's better chronologically?". But those are easy. - Well, what about the actual process of telling the story?

- Well, that's the mantra I mentioned earlier, which is whenever I get pause. or I don't know how to say something, I just say, "Let me tell you a story.". - [Lex] Yeah. - And then I find the actual anecdote, the story, the tale that encompasses. what I'm trying to convey. And then I don't say what I'm trying to convey. I don't have a transition sentence that says, you know, "Elon sometimes changed his mind so often.

he couldn't remember whether he had changed his mind.". You know, you don't need transition sentences. You just say, "All right, here's the point I need to make next.". And so you start with a sentence that says, you know, "One day in January. in the factory in Texas, comma.". - Well one of the things I'd love to ask you. is for advice for young people, to me first advice would be to read biographies.

in the sense, because they help you understand. of all the different ways. you can live a life well lived. But from having written biographies, having studied so many great men and women, what advice could you give to people. of how to live this life? - Well, I keep going back to the classics, and Plato, and Aristotle, and Socrates,

and I guess it's Plato's Maxim, but he may be quoting Socrates, that the unexamined life is not worth living. And it gets back to the know thyself and other things, which is, you don't have to figure out. what is the big meaning of it all. But you have to figure out. why you're doing what you're doing. And that requires something. that I did not have enough of when I was young, which is self-awareness.

and examining every motive, everything I do. - Where does the examination lead you? Is it to a shift. in life trajectory? - I mean, it's not for me sort of, "Alright, I've now decided having been a journalist, I'll run a think tank, or I'll run a network, or I'll write a bio.".

It is actually something that's more useful. on an hourly basis. Like why am I about to say that to somebody? Or why am I going to do this particular act? What's my true motive here? And also in the broader sense. to learn as I did after a couple years at CNN, my examination of my life. is that I'm not great at running complex organizations.

I'm not great as a manager. Given the choice, I'd rather somebody else. have to manage me than me have to manage people. But it took me a while to figure that out. And I was probably too ambitious. when I was young and at Time Magazine. That was when I was green and, oh well, that was when I was in my salad days, and green in judgment. (Lex laughing). And it was like chasing.

the next level at Time, Incorporated, whatever it might be. And then one day I caught the brass ring. and I became an editor and then the top editor. And after a while I realized. that wasn't really totally what I'm suited to be, especially when I got put in charge of CNN. I mean, all young people are almost by definition. in their salad days and green in judgment. But you learn what's motivating you.

and then you learn to ask, "But is that really what I want? Should I be careful of what I'm wishing for?". - One of the big examinations you can do. is the fact that you and everybody dies one day. How much you, Walter Isaacson, think about death? Are you afraid of it? - No, and I don't think about it a lot, but I do think about Steve Jobs as, "Let me tell you a story," you know,

which is the wonderful Steve Jobs story. of, I think after he was diagnosed, but before it was public. And he gave both a Stanford talk, but other things. in which he said, "The fact that we are going to die. gives you focus and gives you meaning,". if you're gonna live. And Elon Musk has said that to me, which is a lot of the tech bros out in the Silicon Valley. that are looking for ways to live forever. "I can think, Musk says," of nothing worse.".

We read the myth of Sisyphus. and we know how bad it is to be condemned to eternal life. So there was in ancient Greece, the person who walked behind the king and said, "Memento mori, remember you're gonna die.". And it kept people. from losing it a bit. - Do you think about legacy?

- The lucky thing about being a biographer. is that you kinda know what your legacy is. There's gonna be a shelf, and it'll be of interesting people. and you will have inspired a 17-year-old biology student. somewhere to be, you know, the next great biochemist. or somebody to start a company like Elon Musk. And what I think more about,

I won't say giving back, that's such a trite thing. I moved back to New Orleans for a reason. First of all, the hurricane hit. And after Katrina, I was asked. to be vice-chair of the recovery authority. And I realized everything I've got going for me, it all comes from this beautiful gem of a troubled city. The wonderful high school I went to, the wonderful streets where I learned to ride a bike,

you know, and it's got challenges. I'm never gonna solve challenges. at the grand global level, but I can go back home and say part of my legacy. is going to be, I tried to pay it back to my hometown. Even by teaching it Tulane, which I don't do as a favor. I mean, I enjoy the hell out of it. But it's like, "All right, I'm part of a community.". And I think we lose that in America.

because people who are lonely are lonely. 'cause they're not part of a community. But I've got all my high school kids, there's friends that are all still in New Orleans. I've got my family, but I also have Tulane, institutions in New Orleans that have been there forever. And if I can get involved. in helping the school system in New Orleans, of helping the youth empowerment programs, of helping the innovation center at Tulane. I was even on the city planning commission, which worries about zoning ordinances. for short term rentals.

You know, go figure. But it was like "No, immerse myself in my community, 'cause my community was just so awesomely good. at allowing me to become who I became, and has trouble year-by-year, hurricane-by-hurricane, making sure that each new generation. can be creative and it's a city of creativity. from jazz, to the food, to the architecture. So when I think of, I won't say legacy,

but what am I gonna do to pay it forward, which is a a lower level way of saying legacy, I pay it forward by going back to the place. where I began and trying to know it for the first time. That was a ripoff of a T.S. Eliot line. I don't want you to think I thought of that one. (Lex laughing). - Always cite your sources. I appreciate it. - T.S, Eliot, if you ever need to figure it out, "The Four Quartets," it's that part at the end,

which is, "We shall not cease from exploration, and the end of all of our exploring. will be to return to the place where we started. and know it for the first time. through the unknown but half-remembered gate.". It's just beautiful. And that's been an inspiration. of what do you do in, I guess if it's a Shakespeare play, you'd call it Act Five. Well, you go back to the place where you came. and-- - [Lex] See for the first--.

- So you don't sit there worrying about legacy, but you'll sit there saying, "How do I make sure that somebody else. can have a magical trajectory starting in New Orleans? - Well, to me, you're one of the greatest storytellers. of all time. I've been a huge fan. - That's definitely not true, but it's so sweet of you. You see, you can be-- - Brutally interrupting. I think probably Ben Franklin,

so far, I don't know how many years, 15 years, Einstein all the way through today. Ive just been a huge fan of yours. And you're one of the people that I thought surely. would not lower themselves to appear. and have a conversation with me. And it's just a giant gift to me. - Hey, I flew into Austin for this. because I am a big fan, and especially a big fan because you take people seriously. and you care. - Thank you 1,000 times.

Thank you for respecting me. and for inspiring just millions of people with your stories. Again, an incredible storytelling, incredible human, and thank you for talking today. - [Walter] Thank you, Lex. - Thanks for listening to this conversation. with Walter Isaacson. To support this podcast, please check out our sponsors in the description. And now let me leave you. with one of my favorite quotes from Carl Jung. "People will do anything no matter how absurd. in order to avoid facing their own souls. One does not become enlightened.

by imagining figures of light, but by making the darkness conscious.". Thank you for listening and hope to see you next time.