Pavel Durov: Telegram, Freedom, Censorship, Money, Power & Human Nature | Lex Fridman Podcast #482

- The following is a conversation with Pavel Durov, founder and CEO of Telegram, a messaging platform. actively used by over 1 billion people. Pavel has spent his life fighting for freedom of speech, building tools that protect human communication. from surveillance and censorship. For this, he has faced pressure. from some of the most powerful governments. and organizations on earth. In the face of this immense pressure, he has always held his ground.

continuously fighting to protect user privacy. and the freedom of all of us humans. to communicate with each other. I got the chance to spend a few weeks with him. and can definitively say. that he's one of the most principled. and fearless humans I've ever met. Plus, when I posted that I'm hanging out with Pavel, a lot of people, fans of his, wrote to me asking if he does in fact privately live. the disciplined aesthetic life he's known for, no alcohol, stoic mindset,

strict diet and exercise, including a crazy amount of daily pull-ups and pushups, no phone except to occasionally test Telegram features, and so on. Yes, he's 100% that guy, which made the experience of hanging out with him. really inspiring to me. I'm grateful for it, and I'm grateful to now be able to call him a friend. This podcast conversation is in parts philosophical. about freedom, life, human nature, and the nature of government bureaucracies,

and it is also in part super technical, because to me, it's fascinating. that Telegram has a relatively small engineering team. and yet is able to basically out-innovate. all of its competitors. with an insane rate of introducing new, unique features. Just like the meme of "The Simpsons" did it first, you consider all the features we know and love. in our communication apps, in almost every case, Telegram did it first.

So we discuss it all, from the Kafkaesque situation. he's in the midst of in France, to the rollercoaster of his life and career, to his philosophy on technology, freedom, and the human condition. And by the way, while this entire conversation. is in English, we'll make captions and voiceover audio tracks. available in multiple languages, including Russian, Ukrainian, French, and Hindi. On YouTube, you can switch between language audio tracks.

by clicking the settings gear icon, then clicking Audio track, and then selecting the language you prefer. Huge thank you once again to ElevenLabs. for their help with translation and dubbing. and with the bigger mission. of breaking down barriers that language creates. They are truly one of the most remarkable companies. I've ever had the pleasure of working with. This is the "Lex Fridman Podcast.". To support it,

please check out our sponsors in the description. And now, dear friends, here's Pavel Durov. - You've been an advocate for freedom for many years, writing that you should be ready. to risk everything for freedom. What were some. influences and insights that helped you arrive at this value of human freedom? - I get to experience the difference between a society with freedom and a. society without freedom pretty early in life. I was four years old. when my family moved from the Soviet Union to.

northern Italy, and I could see that a society without freedom. cannot enjoy the abundance of opinions, of ideas, of goods, and services. Even for a four or five year old kid, it was. obvious. That you can't experience all the. toys, the ice cream of sorts, the cartoons. in the Soviet Union that you could access in Italy. And then I got to realize.

something even more important. You don't get to contribute. to this abundance without freedom. And at this point, it was pretty obvious to me. - You also wrote, "Svoboda vazhne deneg." It translates to: "Freedom matters more than money." How do you prevent these values for freedom. corrupted by money, by people with influence, by people with power? - Well, the biggest enemies of freedom are fear and.

greed. So you make sure that they don't stand in your. way. If you imagine the worst thing that. can happen to you, and then make yourself be comfortable with. it, there's nothing more left to be afraid of. So you stand your ground, and you remember that it's worth living your life according. to the principles that you believe in, even though this life can end up.

being shorter than a longer life, but lived in slavery. - Do you contemplate your mortality? Do you think about your death? - Oh, yes. - Are you afraid of it? - In a way, you have to go against your instinct of. self-preservation. And it's not easy. We are all. biological beings hard-coded to be afraid of death. Nobody wants to die. But when you approach it rationally, you live and then you.

die. There's no such thing as your death in your. life. You stop experiencing life once you die. So you have to ask yourself this question, "Is it worth living a. life full of fear of death?" Or, it's. much more enjoyable to forget about this and live your life. in a way that makes you immune to this fear, at the same time. remembering that death exists so that every day would count.

- Yeah. Remembering that death exists makes you deeply feel. every moment that you do get. - That's why I love reminding myself that I can die any day. - In many ways you live a pretty stoic existence. I got a chance to. spend a couple of weeks with you. In many ways, you seek to. minimize the negative effects of the outside world on your. mind. You've written, quote,

"If you want to reach your full potential and maintain clarity of mind, stay. away from addictive substances. My success and health. are the result of 20 plus years of complete abstinence from. alcohol, tobacco, coffee, pills, and illegal. drugs. Short-term pleasure isn't worth your. future." Let's talk about each one of these. Alcohol. What's been your philosophy behind that? - That one is quite easy. When I was 11 years old, my.

biochemistry teacher, he gave me this book he wrote, it. was called The Illusion of Paradise. In there, he. would describe the biological and chemical processes that happen in your. body once you consume this or that substance. It was mainly related to. illegal drugs, but alcohol was one of these addictive substances that he. covered. So it turns out that when you drink alcohol, the thing that happens is that.

your brain cells become paralyzed. They become literally. zombies. And then next day, some time after the party is over, some of your brain. cells die and never get to normal. So think about. this. If your brain is this most valuable tool you have in your. journey to success and happiness, why would you destroy this tool for short-term.

pleasure? This sounds ridiculous. - In many ways, it's a poison we let in our body. But by way of. advice, what advice would you give to people who consider not drinking? You know, a. lot of people use alcohol to enable them to have a vibrant social. life. There's a lot of pressures from society, you know, at a party to drink so they can. socialize. So, what advice would you give to them,

To people who imagine having a social life without alcohol? - Well, first of all, don't be afraid to be contrarian. Set your own rules. Secondly, if you feel you need to drink, there must. be some problem you're trying to conceal. There's something that, some. fear you're not ready to confront, and you have to address this fear. If there is a good-looking girl you're afraid to approach,

get rid of this fear, approach her, practice, do it again and again. It's pretty. banal... but this advice works. - Fix the underlying problem, which is usually at the very bottom is. always going to be fear. Work on that. - I don't know. Very often, people are trying to escape something in their lives with. alcohol. What is it they're trying to escape? What is this. problem? You have to get to the bottom of it. Your mind is trying to tell you.

something valuable, and instead of addressing it directly, you are. flooding it in alcohol, which is sort of a spiritual painkiller, but works. only temporarily, and then you have to pay the debt with interest. - So, what do you do? I mean, you've been in a lot of gatherings, a lot of. parties. Is there some challenges to saying no? - For me, not at all. I've been always ready to stand my ground and say no when I feel.

something's not right. And it's extraordinary how easily. we humans are affected by what we perceive as majority, because nobody since ancient. times, since millions of years ago, wants to be left. out by the tribe. We are scared that we won't become accepted anymore, which.

thousands or millions of years ago meant we're going to starve to. death. So, we have to consciously fight this inclination. to be agreeable with everything that the majority imposes on you, because. it's quite clear that many things that the. majority... in many activities the majority is engaging in.

are not bringing you any good. - So, that's another fear you have to face. Going into a party and. the fear of being the outcast at that party, of being different than. others at that party, at that social gathering in the crowd. of humans, be different. That's a fear. - That's a fear, and it's quite irrational if you think about it. It was something that made a lot of sense 20,000 years ago. It makes zero sense today, because if you think about it, if.

you do the same thing everybody else around you is doing, you don't have any competitive advantage, and you don't get to become outstanding. at some point in your life. - Yeah, that's one of the things we talked about. sort of by way of advice is, if you want to be successful in life, you want to be. different. - Definitely. - And perhaps, I think you said you want to achieve. mastery at a niche, so find a niche at which you can.

pursue with all your effort and achieve mastery, and the niche being different than anything that. anybody else is doing. Can you explain that a little bit more? - So, obviously, in order to contribute to the society. you're in, to the economy of the country you live. in, you have to do something that is valuable. But. if you're doing something that everybody else is doing anyway,

what's the value of it? Now, it sounds easier. than it is done to do something that nobody else is doing, because we humans are surrounded by all kinds of information. which makes us want to copy what we are. perceiving. At the same time, there are so many areas which you can. explore that have nothing to do with the. information you receive on the daily basis. So, it's. extremely important to curate the information sources that you have,

so that you wouldn't be somebody who is left to. the will of AI-based algorithmic feed telling you what's. important, so that you end up consuming the same. information, the same stuff, the same memes, the same news as everybody. else. But rather, you should be proactive. You should deliberately try to. set a goal an area that you want to explore, and then actively search.

information that is relevant to this field, so that one day, you can become the world's number one. expert in this field. And it's not quite... it's not that. difficult to do that. You have to. just remain consistent, because nobody else is trying to do. that. Everybody else is just reading the same news and discussing the same.

news every day. But this way, they don't get to have a competitive advantage. - Yeah. The majority of the population become slaves to the. AI recommender systems, AI-driven recommender systems, and so the. content everybody's fed is the same thing, and we all become the same. On that point, one of the different things you do is you. don't use a phone, except occasionally to test Telegram. features. But I've been with you for two weeks. I haven't seen you use a.

phone at all in the way that most people use a phone, like, for their. social media. So, can you describe your philosophy behind that? - I don't think a phone is a necessary device. I. remember growing up, I didn't have a mobile phone. When I was a student at the university, I didn't have a mobile. phone. When I finally got to use a mobile phone, I. never used phone calls. I was always in airplane mode or mute. I hated the.

idea of being disturbed. My philosophy here is pretty simple. I want to define. what is important in my life. I don't want other. people or companies, all kinds of organizations telling me what is. important today and what.

I should be thinking about. Just set up your own agenda, and. the phone gets in your way. - It provides distractions. It guides what you. should be looking at, what you will be looking at, so you don't want that. You want to. quiet the mind. You want to choose what kind of stuff you let inside your mind. - Yes, because this way I can contribute. to the progress of society, or at least I like to think this way, and.

this makes me happier. - How often do you find quiet time to just think and focus deeply on. work without any distractions? You mentioned to me that you value quiet mornings. - Yes. So the thing I'm trying to do, I try to allocate as much time as possible. for sleep. Now, even if I allocate, say, 11 or. 12 hours for sleep, I won't sleep for 11 or 12 hours. So what I end up doing is I end up.

lying in bed thinking, and some people hate it. They. say, "Oh, you have to take a sleeping pill," but I never take pills. I love these moments. I get. so many brilliant ideas, or at least they seem brilliant to me at. the moment, while I'm lying in bed, either. late in the evening or early in the morning. That's my favorite time of the day. Sometimes I wake up, I go take a shower, still without the.

phone. Beautiful ideas can come to you. while you're doing your morning exercise, your. morning routine, without a phone. If you open your phone first thing in the morning, what you end up being is a creature that is. told what to think about for the rest of the day. Same is true in a way if. you've been consuming news from social media late at night.

But then how do you define what is important and. what you really want to become in life? Now, I'm not saying. you have to completely stay away from all sources of. information, but take some time to think about what's really. important for you and what you want to change in this world. - So you definitely try to avoid digital devices for as many hours as possible in the morning, just to have the quiet thinking time? Plus the crazy amounts of.

push-ups and squats. - I know it's kind of counterintuitive because. I founded one of the largest social networks in the world, after which I. founded the second-largest messaging app in the world, and. you're supposed to be really connected. But the. conclusion you reach very early is that the more connected and. accessible you are, the less productive you are. And then how can you run this thing if you're constantly.

bombarded by all kinds of information, most of which is irrelevant to the success. of what you're trying to build? You know, the entire world can be fascinated. by a fight, a quarrel between the world's richest man and. the world's most powerful man. But for the vast majority of these people. following this saga, it's irrelevant. It won't change their lives.

And in any case, they can't affect it, so it's a bit pointless. Of course, there are. people who are engaged in activities. that require them to be up-to-date of everything that's going. on, but 99% of people aren't. - Yeah. The internet, social media presents to us drama. in such a way that we think it's the biggest thing in the world, the most important thing in.

which the tides of history will turn when in reality, most things. will not turn the tides of history. And so, I guess our challenge. is to figure out what is the timeless thing? What is. the thing that's happening today that's still going to be true in 10, 20. years? And from that, decide what you're going to do. And that's very difficult on social media. 'cause everybody's outraged. The news of the day, whatever the quarrel is, that's the thing that everyone thinks the world will end because.

of this thing, and then another thing happens the next day. - And they're trying to influence your emotions. And that's how you get into trouble, because you can be forced to make conclusions. that are not in your best interest. - I've seen you be, once again, quite stoic about your. emotions. Do you ever get angry? Do you ever get. lonely? You ever get sad? The rollercoaster of human. emotion. And what do you do with that? What do you make difficult decisions?

- I'm a human being like everybody else. I do get to experience. emotions, and some of them are not very pleasant. But I. believe that it's the responsibility of every one of us-. ...to cope with these emotions and to learn to. work through them. Self-discipline is particularly. important, because without it, how can you overcome. this seemingly endless loop of negativity or.

despair that ultimately leads to depression for some people? I normally never. have depression. I don't remember having depression in the last 20. years at least, maybe when I was a teenager. But one of the reasons for that is, I. start doing things. I identify the problem, I can see a solution, and I start.

executing the strategy. If you are stuck in this loop of. being worried about something, nothing's ever going to change. And people often make this mistake, thinking, "Oh, I should just. have some rest and then regain energy." This is. not how it works. You gain energy by doing. something. So if you start doing something, then it happens. You. feel motivated, you feel inspired, and then ultimately you do.

something else, a little bit more, a little bit more, and in a few years, who knows, you may end up achieving great things. - Yeah, that's the thing that people really confuse. If you're stuck. in a depressive cycle, even when you really, really, really, really don't wanna do anything, just do. something. Try to make progress because the good feeling comes. in the end of that. The whole point is to do first and then feel, not feel and then do.

- Exactly. And going to the gym is a good example. There are many days when you don't want to start working. out, but you have to overcome this initial reluctance, and. then you get to a point that you enjoy it, and you think, "Oh my God, it was such a good idea to come to the gym today." But. it's similar to pretty much every activity. You get to write some.

code, write a small piece of code first, and. then you get inspired. Then you come up with more. ideas. You need to write a novel or just write the program. This is pretty obvious, and. it's not a secret, but because we are bombarded with all kinds. of information that is not really important for us in terms of becoming. successful, we often forget the important things, and this is one of them.

- We've been working out every single day. You have been working out for many years. pretty intensively, so I think a lot of people would love to. know what's your perfect daily workout regimen, let's say on a daily, on a weekly basis? - I do 300 push-ups and 300 squats every morning, and in. addition to that, I go to the gym normally five or six. times a week, spending between one and two hours every day.

- So push-ups and squats are still a big part of your routine? - Yes, this is how I start my day. I'm not sure they. do a lot in terms of changing your body, but they're definitely a good way to. practice self-discipline, because you don't want to do these push-ups in the morning most of the days. Squats are particularly boring. They're not that. hard. They're just boring. But you overcome it, and then it's much easier to.

start doing other things related to your work, for example. When I. can, I also take an ice bath because it's another exercise of. self-discipline. I think the main muscle you can exercise is this. muscle, the muscle of self-discipline. You know, not your biceps or your pecs or anything else,

because if you get to train that one, everything else just comes by itself. - Yeah, everything else becomes easy. We should mention, I went with you. to Banya, and I think it's fair to say you're nuts. in terms of how much you can handle, and I didn't. even see the worst of it. Can you just speak to your crazy escapades in the Banya, what value you get from it, so both the heat and the cold?

- I don't know if it's crazy. I think it's quite natural and normal by this time. But maybe I just got used to it. So Banya is this extreme kind of. sauna practiced by Eastern Europeans. But it is done in a way that maximizes heat, and they also. use all kinds of herbs and branches, and it's a much more holistic and natural.

experience. Then a necessary part of it is you get the cold. plunge, and then you go back. And. again, this is one of those things that maybe in the moment. is not always that pleasant, particularly if you go to extreme. temperatures. You don't feel great. I don't always. feel great, but this feeling is passing. It's only a few minutes.

Same with the ice bath. You have to suffer a bit, and then you get to feel great for hours and days after. What's more, it gives you these long-term health benefits. In a. way, you can look at it as alcohol in. reverse. Alcohol will give you this short, fleeting. pleasure for an hour, for a couple of hours, but then you will be paying.

for it with long-term negative consequences. I'd rather do Banya and ice bath. - We swam the length of a large lake in France a couple times. Can you. talk through why you value these multi-hour swims? - I love swimming for hours. The longest I swam was five and a half hours in. Finland, it was quite cold. I got lost in the process, barely could find my way back. But.

the reason I do it, yes, you feel great after. You're shaking a little. bit, but you feel great after. We cross a huge lake, and I cross many. lakes, Geneva Lake, Zurich Lake. And every time, you feel this achievement. which makes you happy, makes you feel strong, and then you're. more ready to other challenges. And of course, when you know you are going to start.

a journey that will last a few hours, you're reluctant to do. it. But you swim for 10 minutes, and then for 20 minutes, and then for 30 minutes, and it teaches you this incredible patience. that I think is necessary if you want to achieve anything in life. - And it's pretty meditative, lake versus ocean. - Yes. And you don't have to go too fast. You can be slow and enjoy the moment.

- Until you get lost, and it's five and a half hours. Did you panic if you were. gonna be able to find the shore or find your way out? - Not really. I'm a reasonably stress-resilient person. I didn't panic at that moment, and there were worse swims I had that were shorter, but. involved accidents, and you know about some of them. So. that wasn't the worst by far. But an important thing. about swimming and physical activity in general is that it makes your mind clear,

and your thinking process is becoming more efficient. Because at the end. of the day, the efficiency of our brain is limited by how much sugar and oxygen our. heart can push through blood to our brain. So how can you make. this go faster, or how do you make your lungs more efficient? How do you make.

your heart more efficient in doing that? Physical activity is. the only way I know of. So it's not just staying healthy. or trying to look good. It's also being productive. It's also being. stress-resilient. All of these qualities. are necessary if you want to run a large company, if you want to start a company.

I'm surprised, when I started doing this. more than 10 years ago, that more CEOs didn't engage in sports. The situation changed in the last several years, which is. great. Because back in the day, if you take 20 years ago, there was this stereotype. that if you were strong, you must be not very smart, and vice. versa, which is complete lunacy. Very often, these two things go together.

- So for you, working out is not just about staying healthy. It's actually valuable for the work that. you do as a tech leader, as an engineer, as a technologist? - Oh, yes. When I can't train, I can instantly feel. that stress is creeping on me. Like... So even in situations where I'm constrained, I can't go to the.

gym, I just keep doing push-ups. I just keep doing squats. - Yeah. I mean, that's the cool thing about bodyweight exercise, you. can just do it anywhere. You could just pop. off 50 or 100 push-ups before a meeting. - Don't you feel weird when you have a day without physical activity? - Yeah. If I go a day without doing push-ups, at the very minimum, that's a shitty day. - And if you can do pull-ups, it's even better.

- Yeah. I gotta ask you about your diet, too. No processed. sugar, no fast food, no soda, intermittent fasting sometimes. once a day only, sometimes a couple times a day. So take me. through your philosophy on the no sugar, no soda, just clean food. - Well, sugar is pretty easy, because it's addictive. The more you consume sugar, the more you want it, the hungrier you get. So if you want to stay efficient and healthy,

why consume processed sugar? You'll just end up snacking all the time. Intermittent fasting, eating only within six. hours or not eating for 18 hours every day also brings. structure into your day and into your eating habits, so you. don't crave sugar anymore. Because, you know, if you eat sugar and.

then you're unable to snack, you're just punishing yourself. I read a few books on. longevity. I think something everybody agrees on is that sugar is. harmful. Now, I'm not militant about sugar. You can eat berries, fruit, if you. feel your body needs it. But it's not true to think.

it's necessary to consume sweet things, not for. children, not for adults. Red meat, I. stopped eating it about 20 years ago, because I just felt heavy. every time I had it. So I guess it's individual. It's my. metabolism, my digestive system isn't agreeing with this kind of. food. So I normally eat seafood of all kinds and vegetables. This is.

the basic source of calories for me. - Yeah, and like all things you said, short-term pleasure isn't. worth your future. So, a lot of things we all know, that alcohol is destructive to the. body, tobacco, pills, processed food, sugar. But society puts that on you, makes it. very difficult to avoid. So, I guess it all boils down to just discipline. - Yes, and trying to identify the real cause of an issue you're.

experiencing. If you're experiencing a headache, one solution would be to take. a pill, and then the headache disappears. What this pill would actually do, in most. cases, it would mute the consequence, your feeling of pain. It's a painkiller. It will not eliminate the root cause, so you have to ask. yourself, "What is it that is causing this headache? Do I need to drink some.

water? Is the air quality here bad? Do I need to start getting more. sleep? Is there something wrong with people around me. that are stressing me out?" There must be some reason why you're. experiencing a headache. But if you take a pill, you're not removing this reason. You're actually making it worse, because this. harmful factor is still there. It's like you're piloting a helicopter,

and there are some red signals, some red lamps start to blink. and it starts producing bad, unpleasant. noise. What would you do? You would try to figure. out the cause and eliminate it. Maybe there is some. mountain next to you and you have to avoid it, or you take a hammer. and smash the signal. I think the good answer is quite obvious. So, why are we constantly doing.

this regardless? Well, because everybody else is doing it, because there's a whole. industry trying to persuade you that this is the right. thing to do. So it's incredibly important. to analyze yourself and try to get to the bottom of things. - So, you generally try to avoid all pills, all pharmaceutical products? - Yes. I've been staying away from all of that since. I became an adult. When you're a teenager, your mom would typically.

say, "We need to take this pill, otherwise, you know, the world collapses.". Once I became a grown-up, I said, "No, I don't think that the producers of pills are. incentivized in the right way." They are not really interested in. eliminating the root of the problem. They would rather have me dependent on. the pills they're producing so that I could buy them.

forever. And then I also realized... No, I'm not saying. that you should never take pills. There are obviously some diseases. that you can only fight with antibiotics, for example, so I'm not suggesting we go back to the Middle Ages. But what I'm saying is we overuse pills. - Yeah, it's always good to study and deeply understand the incentives under which.

the world operates. so that you don't get swept up into the forces that operate under these. incentives. And big pharma is certainly one of. them. Pharmaceutical companies have a huge incentive to keep the. problem going versus solving the problem. It's wise. - Well, this is something I practice every day. I. read some piece of news, and I ask myself, "Who benefits from me reading this?".

then you can end up coming to this conclusion that. maybe 95% of things we read in the news have been written. and published because somebody wanted you to buy some product, support some political cause, fight some war, donate some money, just do something. that would benefit other people. And this is not a problem.

to support causes that you truly believe in, as. long as it was your intentional choice, and you're not being manipulated. into fighting other people's wars. - And that takes us back to the original thing we started talking about, which is. freedom. One of the ways to achieve freedom of thought is to. remove your mind from the influences, the forces that manipulate you. That's really. important to realize. The content you.

consume, especially on the internet, when a large percentage of it. is designed to manipulate your mind, you have to disconnect yourself. and be very proactive, understanding what the bias is, what the incentives. are, so you can think clearly, independently, and objectively. - And again, it ties back with restraint from alcohol. Because if your mind is clouded, how can you.

analyze yourself? You'll always be dependent on opinions of others. You will. always follow the mainstream, and w-. then whatever the authorities or whoever in charge. will tell you, you'll believe it, because you don't have a tool. of your own to rely on to come to your own conclusions. - I have to ask you, this is something that came up. You don't watch.

porn. I don't think I've heard you talk about this before. What's the. philosophy behind not watching porn? You know, there's a lot of people that talk. about porn in general having a very negative effect on young men, on their view of the world, on their development of their sexuality, and how. they get into relationships, and all that kind of stuff. So what's. your philosophy in not consuming porn? - I don't watch porn because I just feel it's a. surrogate, a substitute for the real thing that.

is not necessary in my life. If anything, it just forces. you to exchange some energy, some inspiration, to a fleeting moment of pleasure. It doesn't. make sense. And i- in any case, as I. said, it's not the real thing. So as long as you. can access the real thing, you don't need to watch.

porn. But then, if you can't access the real thing, it's... you shouldn't watch porn as well, because it. means there's some deficiency in your life, some problem that you have to overcome. - Yeah, analyze the underlying cause. And again, this goes back to the theme of investing in a. long-term flourishing versus short-term pleasure. There's a theme.

to the way you approach life. - I try to be strategic. I try to act. under the assumption that I'm not going to die in one hour from. now, and I'm going to stick around for a bit, despite. the fact that we are all mortal. So why would I. exchange the mid and long-term for the short-term? Doesn't make any sense. - Quick pause, bathroom break. - Yeah, let's take a break. - All right, we took a break, and now we're back. I gotta ask you about Telegram,

the company. I got to meet some of the brilliant engineers that work there. Telegram runs lean. Relative to other technology. companies that achieve the scale that Telegram does, it has very few employees. So how many people are on the core team, let's say the core engineering team? - The core engineering team is about 40 people. This includes. backend, frontend designers, system administrators.

- Can you speak to the philosophy behind running a company with so few employees? - Well, what we realized really early is that. quantity of employees doesn't translate to quality of the product they. produce. In many cases, it's the opposite. If you have too many people, they have to coordinate their efforts, constantly. communicate, and 90% of their time will be spent on.

coordinating the small pieces of work they're responsible for between each other. The other problem with having too many employees is that. some of them won't get enough work to do. And if. they don't get enough work to do, they demotivate everybody else by their mere. existence. They're still there, they're still getting the. salary, but they don't do anything. And if they don't do.

anything, more often than not, they will start trying to. find their purpose elsewhere, maybe inside your team, but not by doing productive work, but by finding problems that don't exist. within the team. And that can disrupt the team and. the mood inside it even further. Also, when you.

intentionally don't allow some of your team members. to hire more people to help them, they will be forced to automate things. In. our case, you know, we have. tens of thousands of servers around the world, almost 100,000, distributed across. several continents and data centers. If you try to manage this system.

manually without automation, you will probably end up hiring thousands of people, tens of thousands of people. But if you rely on algorithms and the team is forced to. put together algorithms in order to manage it, then it becomes much more. scalable, and much more efficient, and interestingly, much more reliable as well.

- And more resilient to the changing geopolitics, to. the changing technology, all of that. Because if you automate. the distributed aspect of the data storage and all the. compute, then that's going to be resilient to everything the world throws at. you. I suppose if you have people managing all of it, it becomes stale quickly. - Yes. Humans are attack vectors. And if you have a distributed system.

that runs itself automatically, you have a. a chance at increasing the security and speed of your service. and speed of your service. This is what we did with Telegram, while also making it much more. reliable. Because if some part of the network goes down, can still switch to the other parts of it. - Yeah. One of the big ways to protect user privacy. is that you store the data. The infrastructure side of Telegram.

infrastructure side of Telegram is distributed across many legal jurisdictions. many legal jurisdictions with the decryption keys. So it's encrypted in the cloud, keys. So it's encrypted in the cloud, the decryption keys are split. and kept in different locations so that no single government or entity. entity can access the data. Can you explain the strength of this approach? - The way we designed Telegram is.

we never wanted to have any humans, any employees have any access. to private messaging data. That's why since 2012, when we've been trying to come up with this design, been trying to come up with this design, we always invested a lot of effort. invested a lot of effort into making sure that nobody can mess with it. into making sure that nobody can mess with it. Like if you hire an employee. employee or any of the existing employee, they can't break the system.

they can't break the system in a way that would allow them to access messages of users. access messages of users. And then of course, we launched end-to-end encrypted messaging. end-to-end encrypted messaging that is even more protected, but it has certain limitations, but it has certain limitations, so you still have to rely on encrypted cloud. So an interesting. encrypted cloud. So an interesting. engineering challenge was how do you make sure that no point of failure can be created. that no point of failure can be created within your team or outside? - So no employee can even access user messages. So that's the thing. You know, we talk about encryption,

thing. You know, we talk about encryption, we talk about privacy, we talk about security, all these kinds of things. all these kinds of things. I think the number one thing that people are concerned about, about which there's also. about which there's also misinformation, is about private messages. So Telegram is very, very protective. private messages. So Telegram is very, very protective of the private messages of users. So you're saying. saying employees never can access the private messages.

Have any governments or intelligence agencies ever accessed private user messages in the past? agencies ever accessed private user messages in the past? - No, never. Telegram has never shared a single private message with anyone, a single private message with anyone, including governments and intelligence services. including governments and intelligence services. If you try to access any server in any of the data center. data center locations, it's all encrypted. You can extract all the hard drives. and analyze it, but you won't get anything. It's all encrypted in a way that is undecipherable.

It's all encrypted in the way that is undecipherable. That was very important for us. That's why we can say with confidence. there hasn't been ever a leakage of data, any leak of data from Telegram. Not in terms of private messages, not in terms of, say, contact lists. - Do you see in the future a possible scenario where you might share user private messages.

where you might share user private messages with governments or with intelligence agencies? - No. We designed the system in a way that it's impossible. impossible. It would require us to change the system, and we won't do that because we made a promise to our. and we won't do that because we made a promise to our. We would rather shut Telegram down in a certain country than do that. - So that's one of the principles you operate under: you're going to.

protect user privacy. - I think it's fundamental. Without the right to privacy, people can't feel fully free. and protected. - I mean, this is a good place to ask. I'm sure you're pressured by all. kinds of people, all kinds of organizations to share. private data. Where do you find the strength. and the fearlessness to say no to everybody, including. powerful intelligence agencies, including powerful governments, influential powerful.

people? - I guess part of it is just me being me. I stood up. for myself and for my values since I was a little kid. I had issues with my teachers because I would. point out their mistakes during classes. And at the end of. the day, what's important is to remind yourself that you have nothing to lose. They can think they blackmail you with something, they can threaten you with something.

But what is it they really can do to you? Worst case, they can kill you. But that brings us back to the first part of our discussion. But that brings us back to the first part of our discussion. There's no point living your life in fear. As for Telegram, it's incredibly successful. But if. we lose one market or two markets, or pretty much all of the markets,

I don't care that much. It won't affect me, it won't affect my lifestyle in any. way. I will still be doing my push-ups, you know? So... You don't like encryption, you don't like privacy, you think you. should ban encryption in your country, like the European Union. is trying to do now for all the member states. Well, go ahead and do that. We'll just quit this. market. We won't operate there. It's not that important. They all think that.

somehow we profit from their citizens and the only goal tech companies have is. extracting revenues. And it's true, most tech companies are like this. But there are projects like Telegram which are a bit. different. And I'm not sure they realize that. - So for you, the value of maintaining your integrity. in relation to your principles is. more important than anything else. And of course, we should say.

that you also have full ability and control to do just that because. you, Pavel Durov, own 100% of Telegram. So there's nobody else. with a say on this question. - There are no shareholders, which is quite unique. - Very unique. I don't think there's anything even close to that in any major tech. company. - And this allows us to operate the way we operate.

build this project and maintain it based on certain. fundamental principles which, by the way, I think everybody believes in. I think the right to privacy. is included in the constitution of most countries, at least most. Western countries. But it's still under attack. almost every week, and it often starts with. well-meaning proposals: "Oh, we have to fight crime.

We have to do that. We have to protect the children." But at the end of. the day, the result is the same. People lose their right. to such a fundamental thing as privacy. They sometimes lose their right. to express themselves, to assemble, and this is a slippery slope. that we witnessed in pretty much every autocratic. country, or country that used to be free and then became autocratic. No dictator in the world ever said, "Let's just strip you away from your rights.

because I want more power to myself and I. want you to be miserable." They all justified it. with very reasonable-sounding justifications, and then it came in stages, gradually. And after a few years, people would find themselves in. a position when they're helpless. They can't protest. Every. message they send is monitored. They can't assemble. It's over.

- So you see Telegram as a place that people from all walks of. life, from every nation can have a place. to speak their mind, to have a voice. In the. context, in the geopolitical context that you're mentioning that governments. when they become autocratic, naturally it's the way of the. world, human nature and the nature of governments, they become more censorious.

They begin to censor, and always justifying it in their. minds perhaps assuming that they are doing good. - Perhaps some of them assume they are doing good, but. interestingly, it always results in the state accumulating more power at the. expense of the individual. And then where does it stop? You know, we. humans are not very good at finding the right.

balance, and in this case, the right balance between chaos. and order, between freedom and structure. We tend to go to extremes. - I think you still consider yourself a libertarian. There is something about. government that always, over time, naturally builds a larger and larger. bureaucracy, and in that machine of bureaucracy, it. accumulates more and more power. And it's not always that some one individual.

member of that bureaucracy. is the one that corrupts the initial principles on which the government was founded, but. just something over time, you forget. You begin to censor. You begin to limit. the freedoms of the individual, the ability of the individuals. to speak, to have a voice, to vote. It just gradually happens that way. - And the government is not some abstract notion. The government.

consists of people, and these people have goals. They would naturally be. inclined to increase their level of influence, to have more subordinates, to have more resources, and that's how you end up in an endless loop of, you know, ever-increasing. taxes, ever-increasing regulation, which ultimately just suffocates.

free market, free enterprise, and free speech. So, you. do want to have very, very strict limitations on the extent the. government can increase its powers at the expense of. citizens. Ironically, you don't have those limitations. You're supposed to, in all countries which are considered to be free. It's supposed to be the Constitution that protects everybody,

but interestingly, it doesn't always work this way. They are able to find. very tricky phrasings in order to carve out exceptions, and then the exception becomes the rule. - On this topic, I'd love to talk to you about the recent saga of you being arrested in. August of last year in France. I think I should say that.

it's one of the worst overreaches of power I've seen as applied to a tech leader in. recent history, in all history. So it's tragic, but I think speaks to the thing that we've. been talking about. So maybe can you tell the full. saga what happened? You arrive in France... - I arrived in France last year in August just for a short two-day trip,

and then I see a dozen armed policemen greeting me and asking me to follow. them. They read me a list of something like 15 serious crimes that I'm accused of, which was mind-boggling. At first, I thought there must be some mistake. Then I.

realized they're being serious, and they're accusing me of all possible crimes that the users of Telegram have. allegedly committed, or some users. And they think I should be responsible for this, which again, like you said, is something that never happened in the history. of this planet. No country, not even an. authoritarian one, did that to any tech leader, at.

least at this scale. There are good reasons for that, because you're sacrificing. a big part of your economic growth by sending these kinds of messages. to the business and tech community. So they put me in. a police car, and I found myself in police custody.

A small room, no windows. Just a narrow bed. made of concrete. I spent almost four days there. In the process, I had to answer some questions of the. policemen. They were interested in how Telegram operates.

Most of it is public anyway, and I was struck by. very limited understanding, or should I say, even a lack of understanding. on behalf of the people who initiated this investigation against me about how. technology works, how encryption works, how social media work. - I mean, there's something darkly poetic about a tech founder of a.

platform where a billion people are communicating with each other, and. you're on concrete, no pillow, for days, no windows. It's like a book. I mean, it reminds me, I'm a huge fan of Franz. Kafka, and he's written about the absurdity of these kinds of. situations, hence the Kafkaesque stories. There's a story. literally about the situation that he wrote, perhaps predicted, called "The Trial," where a person is arrested for no. reason that anybody can explain and is stuck in the judicial.

system for a long time. Fascinatingly, in that story, neither the person. arrested nor any individual member of the system itself. fully understands what is happening. Nobody can truly answer the questions, and eventually the person, spoiler alert, is mentally broken. by the whole system, which is what bureaucracy can do in. its most absurd forms. It breaks the spirit, the human spirit latent in all of us.

That's the negative side of bureaucracy. - I agree with you on the absurdity of this thing, because if this was a. good faith attempt to fix an issue, there were so many ways to reach out to Telegram, to reach out to me personally, voice their concerns, and solve. any alleged problem in a way that is conventional and diplomatic, the way every.

other country on this planet solves its problems, including with Telegram, and we did it dozens of times. - Yeah, you have a nice page showing this. This is kind of like details that most. people don't really think about. But Telegram was at the forefront of. moderating CSAM and terrorist groups. There's a nice page, telegram.org/moderation,

that shows just the incredible amount of groups and. channels that are engaged in terrorist activity and CSAM. activity that are blocked, actively blocked, found and. blocked by Telegram. And a lot of this work, like you said, because of the automation. that's done with machine learning, just the scale is insane. This. is stuff that most noobs like me who are just chatting it up on Telegram don't. think about. But there's just an immense number of.

people essentially doing things that violate the. law on there, and you have to find them immediately and catch it. I guess. all platforms have to deal with it, and Telegram was doing a great job of. dealing with that kind of content. And what you're saying is the French government. had no idea. - Do they even know what machine learning is? - It's a concept that is challenging to explain to them, but I think they will learn much more about it by the end of this.

investigation. That's my hope. In any case, you're right. I mean, if you look at Telegram, we've been fighting. harmful content that is publicly distributed on our platform. since 10 years ago, actually, since the. time we launched public channels on Telegram. And since. something like eight years ago, we had daily transparency reports.

on how many channels related to child abuse or terrorist propaganda. we've taken down daily. Every day, we've taken like, maybe hundreds of them. And if you include all kinds of content that we remove, all the accounts, groups, channels, posts, that would amount to.

millions of pieces of content every week, hundreds of thousands every day. And then somebody would read the newspaper, get enraged. because they would read something about child porn, and this is a subject that. is very emotionally charged, and start doing something not based on data. and logical thinking and laws, but based on emotions driven from inaccurate input.

- Yeah, I think we should make it pretty clear that there's no world, no reason that the. French government should have arrested you, but here we are. That's the situation you're. in. So to be clear, you have to show up in front of a. judge. Now all of this is beautifully absurd. It would be hilarious if it wasn't. extremely serious. You have to show up in front of a judge. every certain amount of time. And what is that experience like?

- In France, they have this role of investigative judge. I don't think you have it. in many other places in the world. It means I'm not on trial, I'm being investigated. And in France, it's not just the police or prosecutor asking me. questions, it's a judge, which, in my experience, is more like. still a prosecutor, but it's called a judge, and that makes it harder to appeal. So.

if you're limited in, say, countries where you can. travel, then to appeal that restriction will take you a lot of time. The investigation itself should have never been started. It's an absurd and harmful. way of solving an issue as complicated as. regulating social media. It's just the wrong tool.

So we objected and appealed the investigation. itself. We did last year, I believe. We're still not even given. a hearing date for the appeal, because the process is painfully slow, not just for me but for everybody, which made.

me realize the system may be broken on many levels. You have. other entrepreneurs affected by the French justice system. telling me horror stories about their experiences, where businesses. got paralyzed by very unnecessary actions of investigative judges that ended. up being unjustified and biased. And in the end, you can perhaps solve it when.

you reach a higher court. and you'll get justice, but you'll lose a lot of time and energy in the process. So this is the only thing that is, I hope, different, and will be different in this case compared to the story you told from Kafka.

- I mean, but it does, as Kafka describes, break a lot of people. with time. So when do you hope... We should say that you were. for a long time not allowed to travel out of France. Now. you can travel to Dubai. We're now in Dubai. Got to. meet many of the people that work at Telegram. Telegram is headquartered in Dubai. But you're not allowed to travel anywhere. else. When do you think you're coming to Texas to hang out with me over there?

- That's a hard question to answer because it doesn't depend on just my actions. I can just say this: I am patient. I will not let this limitation on my. freedom dictate my actions. I will, if anything, double down on defending.

freedoms because I experienced firsthand what the absence of freedom feels like, at. least during those four days in police custody when you are stuck, just stuck, unable to communicate with people. that are important to you. When you don't even know what's going on in the world.

in relation to you personally. So I have no crystal ball that. would tell me the future. I can't say that I'm. pessimistic. I think we've been able to gradually remove. most of the restrictions initially imposed on my freedom last August. - If the French government or the French intelligence agency. want to have a backdoor to access private user messages,

what would you say to them? Is there. anything they can do to get access to the private user messages? - Nothing. My response would be very clear... but it. won't be very polite, so I'm not sure. - It's good to say here. - It's good to say because you're wearing a tie and-. - Yeah. This is a serious adult gentleman-like.

program. But it is a concern that people have is when. you have so much pressure from governments, that over time, they'll. wear you down and you'll give in. And then, of course, other places. use that as propaganda, try to attack you. You get attacked by basically every nation. So it's a difficult. medium in which to operate. It's difficult to be you, fighting for. freedom, fighting to preserve people's privacy. But is there something you could say.

to reassure people that you're not going to sacrifice. any of the principles that you've just expressed? If the. French government just keeps wearing you down? - I think the French government is losing this battle. This battle is wrong. The more pressure I get, the more resilient and defiant I become.

And I think I have proven that in the last several. months, when there were attempts to use my situation, being stuck here in France, by. approaching me and asking me to do things. in other countries, blocking certain channels, changing the way Telegram works. And not only I. refused, I told the world about it, and I'm going to keep telling the world. about every instance.

any government, in this case, in particular, the French government, tries to force me to do anything. And I would rather lose everything I have than yield to. this pressure, because if you. submit to this pressure and agree with something that is fundamentally. wrong and violates the rights of other people as well,

you become broken inside. You become a shell of your former self. on a deep biological and spiritual level. So, I wouldn't do that. There are probably other people in the world that would. consider that, but I don't care. Telegram disappears, too. Something people don't. understand, including in these intelligence services or governments. I don't. care. I'll be fine. If they put me into prison for 20 years,

which, let's be clear, it's not something that I think is realistic, but let's. just think about it as a hypothetical situation, I would rather starve myself to death and die there, reboot the whole game, than do something stupid.

- Let me ask you about an example of the thing you're talking about. Tell the saga of. Telegram in the Romanian election. So, amidst all. this, you are still fighting to preserve the freedom of. speech. What happened, and what were some of the decisions you had to make? - So, when I got stuck in France, unable to leave the country for a few months, I was. offered to meet the head of state foreign intelligence services through a person I.

know quite well. He's actually a. well-known tech entrepreneur in France, and he's well-connected, and he. said, "This guy wants to meet you." I said, "Okay, fine. Let's do that, but I'm. not promising anything." I took the meeting, and in this. meeting, I was asked to restrict what I see as restriction of freedom of. speech in Romania. I don't know if you follow the whole saga with the Romanian.

elections. They had presidential elections last year. The results were- got canceled. Now, Romania, at that point when I had this meeting, was preparing for. a new presidential election. The conservative candidate was not somebody who. the French government was supportive of, so they asked me. whether I would be shutting down, or ready to shut down,

channels on Telegram that supported the conservative candidate, or protest. against the pro-European candidates, so they. called the guy they liked. I said, "Look, if there is no violation of the rules of Telegram, which are quite. clear, you can't call to violence. But if it's a peaceful.

demonstration, if it's a peaceful debate, we can't do this. It would be political. censorship. We protected freedom of speech in. many countries in the world, including in Asia, in Eastern. Europe, in the Middle East. We're not going to start engaging in censorship in. Europe, no matter who's asking. us." I was very clear to the guy who was the head of French intelligence.

I said, "If you think that because I'm stuck here, you can tell me what to. do, you're very wrong. I would rather do the opposite every. time." And in a way, that's what I did. I um... had a small debate with. him about the morality of this, this whole thing, and then. at a certain point, just disclosed the content of this.

entire conversation, because I never signed an NDA. I don't ever sign. NDAs with any people like that. I want to be able to tell the world what's going on. And that's quite shocking to me, that you would have people in the French government trying to get an advantage. of this situation. Of course, if, you know, they had nothing. to do with the start of this investigation itself,

and use it to reach their political or geopolitical goals. I consider it. an attempt to humiliate myself personally and. millions of Telegram users collectively. And it's quite. strange that the same agency asked us to do certain things in Moldova as well. do certain things in Moldova as well. So even before that, I.

think it was October of last year, or September. I. was arrested in Paris in late August, and then again approached through an intermediary, and asked, "Would you. mind taking down some channels in Moldova? Because there is an election going on, and we're afraid there's going to be some interference with these elections.

Could you please connect with the representatives of the government of Moldova. and take care of it?" We said, "We're happy to take a look at it and see if. there is content there that is in violation of our rules." And they sent us a list. rules." And they sent us a list of channels and bots. bots. Some of them were... So it was a very short list, and. some of these channels and bots were.

in violation indeed of our rules, and we took them down, only a few of them. The rest were okay. Then they said, "Thank you," and sent us another list of. dozens of channels, many, many channels. We looked at these channels, we realized that there is no solid foundation. to justify banning them, and we refused to do that. But interestingly. enough, the French intelligence services that were asking us to do this in Moldova.

let me know through their contact. that after Telegram banned the few channels that were in. violation of our rules in Moldova, they talked to my.

judge, the investigative judge in this investigation that is. started, is has been started against me, and told the judge good things about me, which I found very. confusing, and in a way shocking, because. these two matters have nothing in common. Why would. anyone talk to an investigative judge that is trying to find out whether Telegram.

did a good enough job in. removing illegal content in France? What does Moldova have to do with it? I got very suspicious at that moment. Remember, it happened after we. blocked a few channels that violated our rules, but.

before we refused to block a long list of other channels. that were completely fine, which is people expressing political. views, which I may not agree with, but it's their right to express them. Not extreme views, not views that call to violence. That was extremely alarming. That was a moment when.

I told myself that there may be more. going on here that I initially thought. Initially, I thought, "Yeah, some people are confused about how technology works." And here, after this case in Moldova, I got much more suspicious. So by the time the head of intelligence.

services met me to ask about Romania, to help them silencing conservative. voices in Romania, I was already wary of what could be going on next. - Yeah, so clearly this was a systematic. attempt to pressure you to censor political voices that the French. government doesn't agree with. And we should say that you have fought for. freedom of speech for left-wing groups and right-wing groups, it really doesn't.

matter. So it's not, you don't have a. political affiliation, political ideology that you fight for. You're. creating a platform that, as long as they don't call for violence, allows. people from all walks of life, from all ideologies to speak their mind. That's the whole. point. And it happens to be conservative voices in the Romanian. election that the French government wanted to censor, because currently the.

French government leans left. But if you flip everything around. and the government would be right-wing, you'd be fighting against. censorship of left-wing voices. And you have in the past, many times. - Exactly. Ironically, we received a request from the. French police to take down a channel of far-left protesters on Telegram. in France. We refused to do that. We looked at the channel, peaceful protesters.

It doesn't matter for us whether we're defending the freedom of speech of people. leaning right or leaning left. During COVID, we were protecting. activists that were organizing the Black Lives Matter. events, and the other side, the protesters against. lockdowns. We protect everybody as long as they are.

not crossing the lines and not starting to. call to violence or incite damage to public. property. It's a fundamental right to assemble. It's interesting that. people who haven't had this experience of living in countries.

that don't have freedoms don't always realize. how dangerous it is to gradually compromise. your values, your principles, your freedoms, your rights, because they don't understand what's at stake. - Yeah, these things become a slippery slope. So for many,

many years, including currently, you have spoken very highly of France. You love. French history, French culture. I think this situation, this historic wrong that's. been done is simply just a gigantic PR mistake. for France. There's no entrepreneur that aspires to. be the next Pavel Durov to create the next Telegram, sees this. and wants to operate in France after seeing this. There is.

no justification for this arrest, there's a misapplication of the law, all. kinds of pressures, all kinds of. behavior that seems politically motivated, all that kind of stuff, all the excessive. regulation and bureaucracy. A nightmare for entrepreneurs that. dream to create something impactful and positive for the world. So what do. you think needs to be fixed about the French government, the French. system? And then zooming out, because you have seen similar kinds of things in. Europe that could enable entrepreneurs, that could.

reverse the trend that we seem to be seeing in Europe. that is becoming less and less friendly to entrepreneurs. What can be fixed? What should be fixed? - I think the European society must decide where they want the ever-increasing.

public sector to stop increasing, what they think. should be the right size of government. Because today, if you take France, for. example, which is a beautiful country with a lot of talented people, but. public expenses are 58% of the country's GDP. It's. maybe as much or more than in the latest stage of the Soviet Union.

So you have this balance where you have many more. people representing the state as opposed to people trying to bring the country's. economy forward by creating great products and great companies. The startup field, in my field, social media field, has been affected by it immensely.

There was one great startup in this realm in France in the last 10 years. It was. a location-based social network. It was eventually sold. to Snapchat, but before it was sold, the founder asked me. whether he should sell. I told him, "Never. sell. You have a great thing going. You have lots of users. You have organic traction in many countries.".

And the first of this kind of success story in France. But then he sold anyway in a couple weeks. And later, I met. him, he's trying to do a new thing now. I met him and I asked him, I was trying to understand what went wrong. And one of the things he told me about. is that while he was trying to run his company, you know, competing with Facebook,

Instagram, Snapchat, having all this pressure from. investors, trying to hire the best people and persuade them to go to Paris, and he did a great job, by the way. But while he was trying to do that, he got also attacked by some silly investigation, again involving data protection. issues, which lasted forever, and was gradually sucking the blood of.

his team and his company, constant interrogations, disclosure requests. And this is a young company. It significantly increases the level of stress, and at some. point, I think the pressure was too much. He decided, "I'm going to just sell. it." Eventually, it turned out that.

there was no issue. The investigation ended, as far as I understand, with no charges. But such investigations, they have a price, they have a. cost. And unless the society realizes the cost. of projects, of companies, of startups. that are never created, or are sold to the United States at the very early. stage, or other countries, resulting in decreased economic growth,

things won't change. I think we just talked to a guy a few days ago. who left France and started a business here in Dubai, and one of the. reasons he had to leave France is that the government started an investigation. on his company, and they froze his bank accounts, and this investigation.

that involved taxes lasted for many, many years. I believe he said eight. years. And at the end of these eight. years, the government reached the conclusion that there. was nothing wrong. "He's good. It's okay." In the meantime, his corporate bank accounts were frozen. His business died. The only reason why he was able.

to retain sanity is because he moved to Dubai and started a new. company, which is incredibly successful, and now he's. enriching this city, which we're in right now, with his great ideas and creativity. - And by the way, having interacted with him, there's like a. fire in his eyes, the human spirit that fuels. entrepreneurship. Whatever that is, he doesn't have to do. He's made a lot of. money. He probably doesn't have to do anything, but he still wants to create.

And that fire's what fuels great nations. Build, build, build, build new stuff, expand, all of that, and regulation suffocates that. - You have to cherish those people. But I guess the French public, or some part of the French public, was. misled, and I don't know when, perhaps since. the time of the French Revolution, to believe. that entrepreneurs are somehow their enemies. They're the evil rich people.

that are the cause of all problems, as if only you could. make the rich share their ill-gotten wealth with the rest. of the population, then every problem will be magically. solved. In reality though, a lot of these people, that are. starting such companies with fire in their eyes, are. sacrificing their lives, their livelihood. They're working 20 hours. a day. They're experiencing immense stress in order to fulfill their vision.

and bring value and good to the society around them. They. create jobs. They create great services. They create great. goods. They make your country grow. They make your people. proud. You have to cherish them. But. what does the system do to them? It squeezes them out, because, perhaps there.

was somebody in the tax authority that decided to advance their career, and. perhaps, you know, was too ambitious and not too. smart, so as a result, the company was. destroyed. And now the same entrepreneur, by the way, who we. talked to, is invited to come back to France. He's. being offered really good terms. He said, "Are you gonna open this new. venue on the Champs-Élysées? We're gonna give you the best.

location. We're gonna fund part of it, tax breaks.". And he said, "Never. Just forget about it.". "It's impossible. I'm not coming back to France.". He's traumatized by the experience, and he's French. He was. born there. He has a French passport. So, unless things like this change, France will, and the rest of Europe, will keep struggling with economic growth, with budget deficits, with unemployment, and all the other relevant social and.

economic metrics. - Yeah, it's heartbreaking. As many of these nations, I. appreciate the historic and the cultural value, and I hope Europe. and France flourish, but these are not the components required for. flourishing. Quick pause, I need a bathroom break. All right, we had. some tea. We're back.

Let's go back a bunch of years to the beginning. You mentioned you went. to school with a super intensive education. So, I thought it'd be really. interesting to look at some of the powerful aspects of that. education, from the languages to the math. Can you actually. describe some of the rigorous aspects of it and what you gained from it? - At the age of 11, I got the opportunity to enter. an experimental school in St. Petersburg where I. lived, and we had to pass a rigorous test to get accepted.

The idea behind the school was that if you try to squeeze as. much information as possible into a brain of a teenager, making a focus on math and foreign languages, then there will be. some changes in the brain of the student that will. allow the student to understand most other disciplines. But we had a.

class as a result that didn't have any single focus. It was. very widespread across a lot of disciplines. You would have at least four foreign languages, including Latin, English, French, German. In addition, you can get Ancient. Greek. You would have classes like biochemistry or psychoanalysis, evolutionary. psychology. The difference of this class as opposed to other classes in the.

same school, which was part of the Saint Petersburg State University. and called Academic Gymnasium, was that. unlike other classes, which were specialized in some. single subject like physics or math or history, this one tried to get. the best from all of these specialized classes and bring it into.

one curriculum. Since it was an experimental class, it. wasn't possible to become a straight-A student, to be excellent in all the. subjects. It was considered crazy to even try. - So just assume nobody's able to handle it, you're just pushing the limits of the human. mind. Four languages in parallel, math, evolutionary psychology, just overwhelming the mind and see what happens. - Yes, see what happens. This was an experiment.

And it was in the middle of the '90s, remember, when. Russia, particularly its educational system, wasn't. regulated as much as it is today. It was. in the middle between the two stages of the Russian. history, the Soviet's history and the modern Russian history. of the 21st century. In any case, I learned a lot from that experience. First of.

all, why I got into this course is because I kept being. kicked out from other schools. - Challenging authority? - I was good at all subjects, but not behavior, you know. We had this. behavior grade in the Soviet Union, in early. '90s. Perhaps they even have it today, I'm not. sure. I was very bad at behavior. Always. challenging the teachers, always pointing out their mistakes. - By the way, that's not such a bad thing, right? Like, if you were looking.

back, there's some value to that, right? For young people. to, maybe respectfully, but challenge the authority, the wisdom of old, right? - I think I was very lucky to be able to do that. and to be able to get away with it in the end. Because normally if you keep challenging authorities, you just get kicked out of all schools, and then you end up.

nowhere. So I eventually got into a school where. challenging teachers was not fully okay, but. it was something that you could do and then you would start a. debate with the teacher, and normally they would allow you to express your point of. view, and then some objective truth may come out of it as a result. But at that point, I was pretty bored with my life, you.

know? Every teenager gets to a point when they have this sort of. existential crisis. What's the point of life? What am I even doing here? At some point, I decided since I have to go to school anyway, I might as well try to do something impossible and become the best. student and get an A, or what we called five in the Russian system,

on every single subject. And that kept me busy for a while. It was incredibly difficult because you didn't have enough time. Even if you just studied all the time, not doing anything else, you didn't have any time left to prepare all the homework. tasks and get ready for all the tests. So I.

ended up using the breaks between classes, but I got to. the result I wanted to get to. I got the excellent. mark in every subject, and that kept me happy for a while. - What did you understand about. an effective education system from studying foreign languages at the same time, doing such a diversity? Like, if you were to design an education system from scratch.

for young people, especially in the 21st century, what would that look. like? You posted about the value of mathematics as a foundation for everything. - Yeah, I still think math is essential. It's something that. shapes your brain. It teaches you to rely on your logical thinking to split big. problems into smaller parts, put them in the right sequence, solve them patiently, trying again if it doesn't work. And this is exactly the.

same skill you need in programming, in project management, and start it when you start your own company. And it's one of the few subjects in school which encourages you to. develop your own thinking as opposed to rely on. what other people have to say and just repeating their opinions. That is extremely.

valuable. And of course, once you're good at math, you can apply it in physics, in. engineering, in coding. And it's not surprising there that. most of the most successful tech founders and CEOs are very good at math and coding. because ultimately, it's the same mental skill that you rely on. But.

back then in the school, I realized something else as well: it's that. competition is really important. Competition is key. This is what motivates a lot. of teenagers. when they're at school. And if you remove competition out of the education.

system, you will end up forcing kids to start competing elsewhere, for. example, in video games. It's a trend you see now in many countries, including in the West, when well-meaning authorities or parents say, "We don't want our. kids to be too stressed. We don't want them to feel anxiety. So let's just get rid. of all the public grading system, all these.

rankings of who won, who lost. We don't want any. of that." And part of it is justified, but as a result, some kids lose interest. Yes, you. eliminate the losers, but you end up eliminating the winners as well. And then if you're overprotective of the kids in that age, they grow up,

graduate schools or universities, and they are still not prepared for real. life because real life is constant competition for jobs, for promotions, for customers, and it's more brutal. What you have as a result is. high suicide rates, high unemployment, all the. things and negative trends you see now in many. countries which thought eliminating competition from their education systems.

was a good idea, they still persist. They still think competition's a bad thing. They try to. eliminate competition from their economy as well to an extent, saying, "We're gonna. make sure the losers don't lose and the winners don't get too much.". But as a result, they make their entire systems less.

competitive, their entire economies. Some of them in Europe. are now struggling to keep up with China, with South. Korea, with Singapore, with Japan, and other places. where the education system was based on ruthless competition. So this is a hard. choice any civilization has to make. We support competition, understanding that eventually it leads to.

progress in science and technology and abundance for society at large. Or we remove competition thinking that somehow we can shield the future generations. from the stress that competition inevitably causes. - Yeah, I mean, it's grounded in a good instinct of compassion. You don't want people. who are, who suck at a thing to feel pain, but it seems like.

struggle is a part of life. Either you do it early or you do it later. And it's true, that's such a good point that competition does. seem to be a really powerful driver of skill. development, like you mentioned, pursuing mastery. There's something in human nature that, especially for young. people, if you can compete at a thing, you're gonna be really driven to. get good at that thing. If you can direct that in the education system as China does, as. many, as many nations like you mentioned do, then you're going to.

develop a lot of brilliant people, resilient people, people that. are ready to create epic stuff in the world. - I think there is a lot of evidence proving that we are biologically. wired to compete and establish our understanding of. what our qualities are and talents are in relation to other people around us. And this is one of the ways society self-regulates.

- Speaking of competition, your brother, Nikolai, he's a mathematician, programmer, expert in cryptography. He has won the IMO, International Mathematics Olympiad. He got gold medal three. times, ICPC Programming two times, has two PhDs in mathematics. And you have worked together for many years, creating incredible. technologies that we've been talking about. So what have you learned about.

just life from your brother? - Well, first of all, I must say I learned pretty much. everything from my brother, everything I know. Because when we used to be kids, we slept in the same bedroom, like beds a few feet away from each other. and I kept bugging him with questions. I would ask him about dinosaurs and. galaxies and black holes and Neanderthals,

everything I could think of, and he was my Wikipedia. back in the time when we didn't have internet access. He's a. unique prodigy kid, probably one in a billion. He started reading at the age of three, I think, and. he pretty fast got so advanced in math that. by the age of six, he could already read really sophisticated. books on astronomy. Sometimes when he did it in public places like.

buses or metro, my mom was criticized by people who were witnessing it. They would tell her, "Why are you mocking your own kid with this. serious book? It's obvious the kid can't understand. everything there. It's too complicated. Even we don't understand anything there. There are some formulas." And he was already.

sucking in this knowledge. He just has this thirst for. information. So, he was the source of all kinds of. great facts, useful things, inspiring things. He taught me pretty much everything I know. At the same. time, he is incredibly modest and kind, and this is.

something I think a lot of people. that think they're smart but not genuinely intelligent, lack. More often than not, people who are truly intelligent, they're also kind. and compassionate. - And he is that. - Definitely. - You actually have been staying out of the public eye for the most part. You've done very. few interviews. You're pretty low-key. But your brother is on. another level. He's been staying out of the public eye. What's behind that?

- Part of it is his natural modesty. He doesn't need to do it. He doesn't feel this urge to show off, brag about stuff. I tried to avoid it as well, but at a certain point, I realized that. me being too private, too secretive, becomes a liability because it creates this void, this emptiness that.

people and organizations that don't like Telegram very much are willing to fill. with inaccurate information, and they're willing to spread narratives. about Telegram, which can result in. strange situations, some of which we discussed earlier, for example, this French investigation.

- Yeah. I've gotten to know you more and more, and there's a deep. integrity to you that I think is good to show to the. world. There's a lot of attack vectors on user privacy, and I. think the most important, the last. wall of protection is the actual people that are running the company. So it's important to some degree for you to be out there, showing your true self. So we should say that also you didn't mention, but you're a programmer.

From an early age, you started coding at 10. First things you. built were a video game at 11, and then. eventually 10 years later, at 21, you programmed the initial versions of. VK single-handedly. Can you talk to me about your programming. journey that led to the creation of VK? What was the VK. stack? Was it PHP mostly? How did you figure out how to program websites, all of that? - I wasn't interested in programming websites at first. I didn't even have access to.

the internet when I was 10 years old. But I liked video. games. I didn't have enough of them, and the scarcity forced me to start. building them, more computer games just to play myself. It's actually an interesting thing that. we sometimes don't realize it, but scarcity leads to. creativity, and one of the reasons you have so many people who love to.

code coming from the Soviet Union or other places which. didn't have much access to modern technology, and more importantly, modern. entertainment, is that perhaps we were not so much distracted by all this abundance. of different entertainment options, which is not to say it's bad to. have those options. It's just a fact.

that we sometimes don't appreciate. So I started to build computer games. My brother would sometimes guide me. For example, I would create this turn-based. strategy, of course two-dimensional. Back then, three-dimensional was too much for. me. But it wasn't as slick in terms of the scrolling FPS, frames per second,

parameter, and asked my brother how to optimize it. He would guide me, and this kind of learning and. training really shaped my coding skills when I was younger. Then I started to. create video games for my classmates. When we. played, for example, tic-tac-toe on an infinite field in. my class during the breaks, you know, and not tic-tac-toe, the three in a row.

This was a bit five in a row, and an infinite field. This is a much more interesting game, and it gets quite complicated if you keep playing. it. My classmates used to love it, and some of my. classmates were really smart, you know, champions of math. Olympians, sons and daughters of professors at the. university, and I decided, "No, I want to win every single time.".

I don't want to lose even a single time, so how do I win? I need to practice. more. But how do I practice more? I need an opponent stronger than. myself. So, I coded this game so that I would. play against the computer, and the computer would. calculate, I think, four moves in advance to choose the optimal. strategy. That wasn't enough, four moves. in advance. I would still win over it. If I tried to. calculate five or six, it was too slow. So, I asked my brother, "Help.

me out here." So, he made this algorithm. Eventually, I. trained myself to win every single time, even with the computer back. then. We didn't have modern CPUs and I could still retain some. self-confidence. I would go back to school during breaks, play with my classmates, and.

soon people started to lose interest. None of my classmates wanted. to play this game anymore. I killed the game. There's no- So after that, when I. got into St. Petersburg State University, it was quite boring just to study because it was too easy. So, I thought, "What can I do there?" I created a website for the. students of my faculty first. I organized the creation of digital.

answers to all exams and a digitized version of all lectures, which was. something very unique back then. Remember, it was 25 years ago. I would put together a website where I would. publish all these materials, and pretty soon it became super popular.

I opened a discussion forum there. In a few years, I expanded. to the university with all of its other. departments, and then to other universities. We ended up having. tens of thousands of users just as a student support tool. We had all kinds of. social features there: friends lists, photo albums, profiles, blogs, all of it. It was.

quite successful, and after I graduated the university, one of my ex-classmates from the school. reached out to me after reading about my successes in. a newspaper, the main business newspaper of St. Petersburg, and he asked me, "Are you trying to build. a Russian Facebook?" I said, "I'm not sure. What's Facebook?" So, we. met. He, since he graduated in American.

university two years before that, he showed me Facebook. I thought, "Well, I kind of already have all of this technology, but it's valuable to know. which elements I should get rid of in order to scale this thing. and have millions of users." This is also something people don't appreciate that. sometimes in order to move forward and have more success, you have to.

get rid of things, including technology. Getting rid of features is super important. - Simplify, both for scaling and for making it. amenable to just growing the user base where people get it immediately. - Yes. Otherwise, it's just too complicated for the new user. The. existing users will be happy. They'll be praising you. They'll. be asking you to add more stuff to make it even more complicated. So, it's easy to.

lose track and get disoriented if you are only relying on the feedback of existing. users. As a result, I started the website called Vkontakte, or. VK. It means "in touch" in Russian. Initially to. solve my own personal problem, I graduated the.

university that same year and I wanted to be in touch, remain in. touch with my ex-classmates from the university and other fellow students. And of course, as a 20-year-old, other fellow students. And of course, as a 20-year-old, I wanted to meet other people, including good-looking girls. So, I started to build it from scratch. For that one. I thought, "I'm not going to use any third-party libraries, modules because I want to make it as efficient as possible." I was obsessing.

over every line of code. But then how. do you start something that large? Like, I didn't have any. prior experience of creating a project of that scale, which would involve. everything. Before, I would reuse some existing. solutions. Here, I wanted to build from scratch, so I called my brother. He was a postdoc student in Germany at the.

time in the Max Planck University, and I asked him, "What should I start from?" And he told me, "Just build. a module to authorize users." Just not a way to log in, you know? Not even to sign up, just to log in, because you can pre-populate the database with credentials and emails.

and passwords. It doesn't really matter, but once you see that you can. type in your password and email and you're in, and it tells you "hello". using your name. Then you will have a clear understanding where to go from there. - Yeah, I mean, that's true. - That's one of the best advice I've ever got in my life. It worked perfectly, by the way. I started to build it and before I knew it,

there on that website, photo albums, private. messages. This guest book we used to call "the wall". back on VK and, I guess, in the early days of Facebook, we ended up building something even more sophisticated. than Facebook at the time, with more. features. I had a girlfriend at the time, I asked her, "We need to. somehow come up with a database of all Russian schools and.

universities and their departments and subdivisions." She did a great job. trying to source all this information online or sometimes writing. emails to universities saying, "Which departments do you have. exactly at this point? We need to know," or. reaching out to the Department of Education, both in Russia and then in Ukraine, and then. eventually in Belarus, in Kazakhstan, and other countries where VK ended up.

to be the largest and most popular social network. So we did a few things that were. quite unique at the time, and for the first almost a year, I was the single. employee of the company. I was the backend engineer, the frontend. engineer, the designer. I was the customer support officer.

I was the marketing guy as well, coming. up with all the wordings and the announcements, coming up with competitions to promote. VK, which worked quite well. That was an incredible experience that. gave me knowledge of every aspect of a social networking platform.

- Also, an understanding of how much a single person can do. - Exactly. It's one of the reasons why I like to think I'm an. efficient project manager and product manager inside Telegram, because. I will not take anything but ambitious deadlines from my team members. If somebody. gives me, "Oh, I need three weeks to do that." I would reply, "Well, I.

built the first version of VK in just two weeks. Why would you need three. weeks? It seems like something you could. make real in just three days. Three weeks? What are you. going to do the rest of the three weeks apart from those three days?". And, you know, the team knows me, and that's why. we are able, today at Telegram, to move at a very good. pace of innovation every month. We're pushing.

several meaningful features, I think, out-competing everybody else in this. industry in terms of what you can do. within a short timeframe. So yes, that experience was. invaluable. As for the stack, I started from. PHP and MySQL, Debian Linux, but very soon I.

realized I needed to optimize this. I started using. Memcached. Apache servers were not enough anymore. We had to set up NGINX, and my brother was still living in Germany, so he couldn't help me much. for the first year of building VK. Sometimes I would manage to get through. to him through a call. I would use an old-school phone to call him with wires.

and say, "What do I do? How do I install this thing called NGINX? I'm not a. Linux guy." If he felt. particularly kind that day and not too busy, he would show me the way to do it. or set it up himself, but for the most part, I had to rely on just myself. Having him there, though, helped when we started to grow fast and scale. it, because at first.

you realize, "Right now, one server is not enough. I need to buy another one, then another one and another one. The database should. be in a different server. Then you have to. split the database into tables. Then you have to come up with a. way to shard the tables using some. criteria that would make sense, that wouldn't break your user. experience. When we got to over a million.

users and beyond, a dozen servers surviving. without the input from my brother in terms of taking. care of the scaling aspect of it, became impossible. I remember asking him to come. back. I said, "You need to help me with this thing. It's starting. to be really big." What was worse is that. since we became popular, somebody started to. do DDoS attacks on us, as it always happens.

- Right. - And then we had people that wanted to buy a share of VK. And interestingly, every time we had a negotiation day, the DDoS attacks. intensified. So we had to come up with a way to. fight it. I remember having many sleepless nights trying to figure it out.

- So that was your introduction to all kinds of bad actors, DDoS, business. Then later you'd find out there's such a thing called politics, and then later geopolitics. But this is the initial stages. That it's not just. about creating cool stuff. It's having to deal with, as you now have to deal with with Telegram, is seas of bad. actors trying to test the limits of the system, trying to break the system.

- Unfortunately, if we didn't have bad actors and pressure, it would be the best job ever. You just get to create. - Yeah. Yeah. And so the help from. your brother, like you mentioned, NGINX and sharding the tables, some of the scaling. issue is algorithmic in nature. It's almost like theoretical computer. science. So it's not just about, like, buying more computers. It's figuring. out how to algorithmically make everything work extremely fast. So some of it is.

mathematics. Some of it is pure engineering, but some of it is mathematics. - Yeah, so at that stage I could do the basic stuff. I could. understand how I implement scalability into the codebase, how I sharded my tables. in the database, where I include Memcached instead of direct.

requests to the database. That was quite easy. because it was still PHP back in the day. When my brother got back. from Germany somewhere around 2008, I asked him, "Can we make it even more efficient? Can we make it. super fast, and at the same time so that we would require even.

fewer servers to maintain the load?" And he said, "Yes, but, you know, PHP is not enough. I'll have to rewrite a big part of your. data engines in C and C++. I said, "Okay, let's do that." He invited. a friend of his to help him, another absolute champion in world's. programming contest twice in a row, and they.

they put together the first customized data engine, which. was far more efficient than just relying on MySQL and Memcached, because it. was, first of all, more specialized, more low level. - So they rewrote it in C, C++? - A large chunk of it, like, for example, the search, the. ad engine, because VK had targeted ads. They built. that. It was, it was very efficient what they did. Eventually.

the private messaging part, the public messages part. At some point, we realized there are very few websites online that load faster than. VK. - Nice. - I remember in 2009, I went to Silicon Valley. and I met Mark Zuckerberg the first time and some of the other core team members of,

of early Facebook. Remember, Facebook was just. four or five years old then. And everybody kept asking. me, "How come even here in Silicon Valley, VK loads. faster than Facebook? Everything seems to. appear instantly on your website. What's the secret. sauce?" It was one of the things that made them very curious. - And that was always important to you to have very low latency to make sure the thing loads. and... because that's one of the things Telegram is really known for. Even on.

crappy connections and all that kind of stuff, it just works extremely fast. Everything is. fast. - It's one of the core technological ideas. We prioritize. speed. We think that people can notice. the difference even if it's just, like, 50 millisecond. difference. The difference is subconscious. It also allows us not just to be faster. and more responsive, but also more efficient when it comes to.

the infrastructure, the expenses, because if your code executes faster, it means you need fewer. computational resources to run it. So there is no. way you can lose in making things faster, and that's why we have. always been very careful when hiring people. I would only hire a person if. I'm ultimately certain it's the best option. Because if you hire somebody who is.

maybe a little bit distracted, inexperienced, you may end up with. inefficiencies in your codebase that results in tens of. millions of dollars of losses. And think about the. responsibility. If we jump to today from the VK days, Telegram is used by. over a billion people. They open it dozens of times every day.

Imagine the app opens with a slight delay, say half a. second delay. Multiply it by dozens of times by a billion. It's... centuries, millennia lost for humanity without any reason. other than just being sloppy. - That is so important to understand and so wise, that if you're just a little bit careless as a developer,

you can introduce inefficiencies that are going to be very difficult to track. down, because you don't know that it can be faster. The code doesn't. scream at you, saying, "This could be much faster." So you have to actually, as. a craftsman, be very careful when you're writing the code. and always thinking, "Can this be done much more efficiently?" And it can. be tiny things, because they all propagate throughout the. code. And so there's a real cost in having a. careless developer anywhere in the company.

Because they can introduce that inefficiency, and all the other developers won't. know. They'll just assume it kind of has to be that way. And so. there's a real responsibility for every single individual developer that's. building any component of an app like Telegram. to just always ask, you know, "Can this be done more. efficiently? Can this be done more simply?" And. that's like one of the most beautiful aspects, the art forms of programming, right?

- Oh, yes, because when you manage to discover. a way to simplify things, make them more efficient, you feel incredibly happy. ...and proud and accomplished. And to your point, I. can recall a few instances in my career when. firing an engineer actually resulted in an increase in. productivity. Let's say you have 200 engineers building the app, and then.

just... they just can't make it. They're not keeping up with. the pace of the feature release schedule, and. you think, "I probably have to hire a third one." But then you. notice that one of them is really weird, falling behind the schedule, complaining. some of the time, doesn't assume responsibility.

And you ask, "So what if I just fire this person?" And you fire this. person. In a few weeks, you realize you. actually don't need, I mean, you never needed the third engineer. The problem was this guy who created more issues and more problems than he solved. That is so counterintuitive because, you know, in developing. tech projects we tend to think that you just throw more people into.

something and then things get solved miraculously by themselves just because. more people means more attention from them. No. - That's, again, extremely powerful. The you know, Steve Jobs talked about A. players and B players, and there's something that happens when you have. B players, which is kind of like the folks you're talking about, introduced into a team. They can somehow slow everybody down. They. demotivate everybody. And it's very counterintuitive.

They basically... Part of the work of creating a great team. is removing the B players. It's not just hiring. more in generally speaking. It's finding the A players, quote unquote, and removing the people that are slowing things down. - Oh, yes, because the other thing that people don't realize is how. demotivating working with a B player is. Everybody can tell if the other person, the other engineer they're working with.

is really competent. And it's very visible if. the person is not comfortable, they're asking the wrong questions, they keep lagging behind. And at a certain point. if you're an A player, you get this dissatisfaction, this feeling that you are not. able to realize your full potential, accomplish what. you're really meant to accomplish because of this person.

working next to you or pretending to work next to you. And, by the way, in some cases it's not because the person's. lazy. In some cases it's just, you know, their mental, their intellectual. ability is not there. It's not about experience. Most often it's about. natural ability and persistence. In 90% of cases, it's just the inability to.

focus on one task for an extended period of time. Not everybody has this ability. So for people who do have this ability, it's an insult to work alongside someone. who is distracted and cannot go deep in the projects that they're responsible for. - What's on this small tangent, what's your hiring. process? You've shown, you've talked about.

how you use competitions often, coding competitions, to hire, to find great. engineers. What- what's your thinking behind that? - Well, it's in line with my overall philosophy. I. think competition leads to progress. If you want to create. an ideal process to- for selecting the most qualified people for certain specific. tasks you have in mind. What can be better than a. competition? A coding contest where.

everybody who wants to join your company as an engineer, or just wants to get. some prize money or validation, can demonstrate their skills, and then we just select the best. Or if we are not. certain because there's not enough data. to hire somebody, we just repeat the contest with another task, get more data, get more winners. Then.

repeat again. At some point, you realize, "Oh, actually, this guy. has competed in 10 of our contests since he was 16 years old, or 14 year old. Now he's 20 or 21. He won in eight of these. competitions. He seems to be really good in JavaScript, in Android Java, and also. C++. Why not hire this person? There's some consistency there. And a lot of these people, they have never worked in.

a big company before, which is priceless. Because in a big company, people tend to shift responsibility. They have this shared. responsibility wherein nobody fully understands. who can take credit for a project, who can take blame for a project.

Inside Telegram, it's pretty clear, and these competitions are. the closest experience to what people will have when working at Telegram. So for example, we want to implement some very tricky. animation and redesign to our profile page of the Telegram. Android version. And the Android app, it's an open-source app. Anybody can take its.

code and play with it. So as a result, we would. not just select the best person and hire this. person, we would also select the best solution to the problem, because we would. not suggest the contestants to solve trivial. problems. It's something that's valuable, it saves a lot of time. for us in terms of development. And because I always. had these large social media platforms which. I could use to promote these competitions...

...somehow both VK and Telegram were very popular among engineers. and designers, other tech people. I had no issue to promote this contest and find the. right people, ever. And what can be better than. for an employee of your company, somebody who has been a user of. it? If this person has no prior experience.

of using Telegram, their understanding would be very. limited. Why would I even try to hire somebody from LinkedIn who. worked at Google and other companies, is used to receiving a salary for nothing, is used to shifting responsibility and being stuck in endless meetings, and has very limited understanding of what Telegram stands for?

It's just crazy if you think about it. - Yeah, and then because of that, you're extremely selective and slow. in hiring. So the people really have to. earn their spot. And as a result, I got a chance to sit in. one of the team meetings where people discuss the different. features that are being developed, the different ideas, some of which are at the very. cutting edge. So you get to see behind the scenes how it's possible to.

have such a fast rate of. idea generation. So you generate the idea, you implement the prototype and. then eventually it becomes an actual. feature in the product. And so that's why you have this kind of half-hilarious, half-incredible fact that for many as compared to WhatsApp and. Signal, you've led the way in many other features. Many of the features we take. for granted now, many of which we know and love, like the auto-delete timer.

That was seven years ahead of any other messenger. Message editing, replies, these are all obvious things you... I've even forgotten for some of them that they were never part. I mean, I think the auto-delete timer is a really brilliant idea. - We implemented it in 2013 in the secret. chats. The funny thing about it is then when other apps started to copy.

it, like WhatsApp seven years after, and then Signal and some other apps, they initially even copied the exact. timestamps. So for example, if we had like one, three, and five seconds, they would. also have one, three, and five seconds. They tried not to change it because they were not sure. what was the magic sauce behind the feature. And ironically, it happens with many of these things. For example, when we design how you reply to a message, and you have a small snippet.

showing that you're replying to this message and now you're typing your. response, then there is a small snippet in the message itself. that, well, if you tap on it, highlights the original message. you're replying to. Seems pretty obvious. But there are. certain design decisions that we were implementing at the time, and. we got this vertical line on the left, and all these other.

small things that are completely arbitrary, right? You can do it in a different. way. But somehow, the entire industry ended up. copying exactly that solution, so now wherever you go, WhatsApp, Instagram Direct, Facebook Messenger, Signal, it. doesn't matter, you would see exactly the same or pretty much. similar experience because nobody really wants to take the risk. and innovate. If something works, why not just copy it?

- Yeah, but we should say that it's done extremely well. The vertical line and the. highlighting, I mean, all of these are tiny little strokes of genius. by highlighting the text in a certain way that, from a design. perspective, makes it very clear that. this part was written before and the thing under it is your. reply. The distinction between the different formatting of the text. I mean, there's. a... listen, I know how much typography is an art form. There's a lot of interacting.

graphic artistic elements inside Telegram that all have to play together extremely. well. Like you pointed out to me, there's this thing that just blew my. mind, which is the background gradient of Telegram shifts. It changes. and it adjusts really nicely to the bubbles, the chat bubbles, and then there's like. graphic elements on top of the gradient that all interplay together. So. all of that has to work really nicely without sacrificing.

clarity. Everything is just intuitive. That's very. difficult to create. That is art. And on top of that, it's super fast. - That's the hardest part. To make it look so that designers love. it is one thing. The real challenge is make. it look the way the designers love it and make it. work on the weakest device as possible, the oldest, cheapest smartphones you can imagine. So if.

you take the moving gradient on the background of. every Telegram chat, this is something most people. don't notice, but they can feel it. - Yeah, yeah. They notice it subconsciously or something like that. There is a pleasant. feeling. There's a feeling, there's a pleasant. feeling when you're reading a chat and that's. where the design contributes to that. I think a. gradient really does. I really love that about Telegram, the.

gradient. Not the technical thing you described, but the feeling of it. And then the technical aspect of creating that feeling is. incredible. I could probably come up with all kinds of algorithms of. rendering that gradient that's going to be super inefficient. And so doing that efficiently is like... - Or efficient, but not too beautiful, because-. - Right. - ...even doing something so trivial as a gradient can result. in noticeable lines in the gradient. The. person can instantly say, "Oh, no, it's not the right thing." So you have to.

introduce certain randomness there. and then you have the gradient, but it's not enough. It's too plain. You want. to have certain pattern as an overlay, but it. should be simple enough not to distract you from the content, but it has to be entertaining enough to create a good feeling about. the whole app. And another question, what kind of objects. you want to include in this pattern? And how would this pattern work? Will it be.

based on pixels or would it be vector-based? And would it be vector-based. so they will be infinitely scalable and high quality? And then, I think for the default pattern and the default. background, which is based on four colors. It's not a gradient based on two. colors; it's four colors, and they're constantly shifting. I probably looked through. several thousand variations of them.

because this is such an important decision to make. It's the default back. Of course, you can change. it. Actually, you can set up your own four colors for that. You can change it. - No way. Really? - Yes. You can do it. And you want to rely on certain. deeply hard-coded biological properties of the. human mind, right? So which color do you want to. use? Is it gonna be blue? Is it gonna be yellow? Is. it going to be green? Because each color has a. different meaning in our brain. And what kind of objects.

you want to put there. Something from. our childhood, something from nature, or something that. can create a different kind of mood. And this is just one detail of the. app. So there are many details. When you send a. message, you are done typing a message, and you then tap send. and then the message gradually appears in the chat. How does it happen? So you want. the input field to slowly morph into the actual message.

- To the message, yeah. - And, and you want this to be done regardless of the. contents of the message, because sometimes the width would be different, sometimes it. would be containing media or a link preview or other stuff that will change. the message bubble. So you go through countless different. scenarios and make sure every one of them works. great, even if this message contains 4,000 characters. And then you.

look at all the platforms: iOS, Android, and all the old devices. of all kinds of outdated operating systems. and the hardware and you cross the two because you can have this really. bad old phone but using the newest operating. system version, so what do you do? What kind of bugs do you get there?

And then, of course, since Telegram works on tablets as. well, and our iOS version works on an iPad, which I love a lot. You have to understand that. everything can be really big, so it can consume a lot of space on your screen. and then it will trigger using more computational resources to render it. So, there are a lot of nuances to it, but as long as you obsess over every small detail,

at least every detail that really counts, you can get to a. user experience. If you're really used to Telegram, if you've been a. regular user for at least a few weeks, going back to any other messaging app feels. like a serious downgrade. - Yeah, I mean, there are so many really magical moments. Like, for example, the way a message evaporates when you delete it. That is a really pleasant.

experience. - Oh, yeah. And boy, was it hard to make, particularly on Android? This is this Thanos. snap effect, right? So, the message is broken into. tens of thousands of particles which go away like dust. in the wind. It looks great, but it was so hard to make. - probably one of my favorite GUI graphical things. It's just art. It's.

it's pure art. It's incredible. So, it's good to hear that it's been. really thought over and thought through, because it's extremely well done. - No, you can't pull it off if you're not. going deep into this. And then you don't want to distract people from. their communication with all this.

additional information, so you want them to be invisible in a way. - They create the feeling, but they don't create distraction. - Yes, and in order to do that, you have to overcome even more. challenges. For example, you mentioned this deletion. effect: message evaporates. If you do the animation, if you show the animation first, and then the message that. is preceding the deleted message that is going after the just deleted.

message moves closer to each other, then it doesn't feel right. It feels. too long, too imposing. So, what you want to do is you want the message to disappear. while the messages around it go closer to each other to fill the resulting gap. And then you imagine what that involves, redrawing the entire screen. So, on top of this very complicated animation,

you have to think about things like which kind of messages were. there before it, after. That just adds to complexity. - And once again, on all kinds of devices, all kinds of operating systems, all kinds. of tablets, phones, desktop, all of that. - But, you know, once you accomplish it, it gives you this immense. sense of pride because nobody's doing this.

Nobody really cares. In a way, maybe they're right not to care. Maybe nobody notices. this. But there is something about it that feels. wrong when such things are neglected because I understand that every. day, tens of millions of people around the world are deleting messages. What kind of experience do they get? Is this an experience that maybe even subconsciously inspires them. and makes their heart sing even a little bit,

fills them with joy, lightens up their mood even a little bit by 0.001%? Or is it something that is just basic? And I think if we can. bring some value into people's lives, even through. these subtle details, we have to definitely invest our time in it.

- And some joy, not just sort of value, value like productivity, but. joy. I think Steve Jobs, Jony Ive talked about this. They would. put so much love and effort into the design of everything, including things that weren't visible in the initial PCs, personal computers, because they believe that somehow through. osmosis, the users will be able to feel the love that the. designers put into the thing, and you're absolutely right. I mean, it's not about deleting messages. I feel a little.

inkling of joy when I see that evaporation animation. It's just nice. I'm happier because of it, and so I feel that effort, and I. think, you know, a billion users feel that. - People like when other people care. - Yeah. Yeah. That's exactly what it. is. And of course, there are the more sexy things like all the.

emojis and the stickers, the GIFs. Many of those are just little art pieces. - That's, again, an intersection of art and technology because you look at the. stickers, which Telegram launched way before most of these other apps. - Three years and eight months ahead. - Ahead of WhatsApp, yes. But the stickers that WhatsApp ended up launching three years and. eight months after, the first version was not really.

good because they just did regular GIFs or WebM videos, which were. not based on vector graphics. What we did is vector animations. Each of these stickers is only. several kilobytes, sometimes maybe a maximum of 20, 30 kilobytes. in size. But it's 180 frames. We were able to run them at 60 frames per. second on all devices. And it's also very.

challenging. It was a challenging thing to do. We had so much headache. trying to make it work. Nobody even tried to do anything like this. before us because it's crazily difficult. But as a result, you have these fluid. animations, you have this really nice user experience. Somebody sends. you a sticker, you don't have to wait for it to load because it's so lightweight. and it starts moving instantly. And then of course, it's not just. engineering. You have to find designers that are able to create the stickers.

using vector graphics, which means they're based on. curves described by formulas, not just created. as photographs with pixels. Where do you find these. people? Again, we did competitions but it was not easy to assemble a team. of artists, slash engineers, I would say, that are able to do something like. engineers I would say that are able to do something like.

this. This is a unique form of art. And this allowed us to. do a revolution in stickers, then another revolution. in animated emoji that you can add into messages, custom animated emoji. I don't think anybody did that. I think Telegram is. still the only one allowing users to do that because you can. include a hundred of animated emoji in a message. and they will be animated and they will be moving and your device won't crash.

It's probably unnecessary and crazy but we think somewhere in this. intersection of art and engineering true. quality is created and then of course more recently. we expanded into what we call Telegram GeMs. which are essentially blockchain based collectibles that. you can demonstrate on your Telegram profile so that they. get social relevance but you can also use them to congratulate your.

friends and close ones with their birthdays and other holidays. and that was received extremely well. - Yeah, they can hold value, they can increase in value, you could trade them for that in that aspect, but. to me, still the... The vector graphics, and it's not just simple graphics, it's. incredibly intricate graphics so the vector makes it very. efficient but it also allows you to create, maybe it incentivizes the artist,

enables them, incentivizes them to create super detailed intricate. elements and then the final result like you would think it wouldn't matter but the final. result has like a lot of stuff going on and it's, and it allows you to. scale on arbitrary devices and not, now it's like this. little... you know like usually GIFs from like back in the day and still in. meme form are low resolution and so usually people don't put details and.

intricate art into it but here with vector graphics it's. like, like a million things going on and it allows you to play with different. animations like you showed me this thing where you send and you. hold for a while on the send button and so. you can share with the person you sent a message to this. animation that you've encoded. Like there's a bunch of stuff going on when they read the. message. - Yes, we have a lot of features like that when we use.

this art to allow people to express themselves. and most people don't even know about these features. - I didn't know about it. That was cool. That was cool. - The other application of the same technology is reactions on. Telegram because we made it a goal to make sure that. people feel joy when they just send you a like. Something so trivial.

as just adding a like to a message should be an action that you. want to perform again and again and again. - So another feature is on the more serious side is end-to-end encryption. So. you led the industry in that. It was. launched one year and three months ahead. Can you speak. to why you decided to add end-to-end encryption, how you. developed the current encryption algorithm in the beginning? What was your thinking behind.

that? - So in 2013 when we were launching Telegram, we were aware of the serious issue with privacy. that Edward Snowden made very clear. And we thought, yes, we are designing this product in a way that is. already extremely secure, but we want to make.

sure that not even we can access user messages. And we understood very clearly that a bunch of people who. were born in Russia don't necessarily inspire trust. So that's why we made Telegram open source. So all our apps have been. open available on GitHub since 2013. And then we added end-to-end encryption in our secret chats, which WhatsApp copied.

a few years after. One year and three months ahead, they just started to test. it. They rolled it out I think 2016, which is. three years after us, and the only reason I think the rest of the industry. had to do it is because we set the standard. It was incredibly important back in the day, and at the same time, we realized. certain limitations of end-to-end encryption. So within that.

design, that architecture, you can't support. very large chat communities with consistent, persistent. chat histories. You can't support huge one-on-many channels. You'd have issues with. maintaining bots that have lots of incoming messages. Multiple device support becomes tricky. People.

will end up losing some of the documents they share, so we. also saw a lot of issues, and we ended up having this sort of. hybrid experience, where depending on your use case. and your requirements, you can choose the level of encryption that we want to have. - So that's why you chose to go opt-in for end-to-end encryption.

So the trade-off there that you're describing is between, for. people who really care about specific messages extreme privacy on. those messages, and usability, like being able to. sync across multiple devices, having groups that are 200,000. people. So all of those features, that quality of life features, there's a trade-off between. those and end-to-end encryption. So you lean towards. letting users sort of enable end-to-end encryption for cases when.

they want to be super secure. - Yes, and Secret Chats are not just end-to-end encrypted, you know. There are certain. limitations that are both their feature and a bug. For example, you. can't screenshot them. You can't forward any document, any message from. them, which is not necessarily something you need when you're. trying to get some work done and you're just. communicating with your team on a project. So it became very clear to us that there.

are different needs here, and if you try to combine both in one type of chat, you will end up losing a lot of utility. You know, we at Telegram, we don't use any. collaboration tool for teamwork. We use Telegram to. build Telegram. So we felt instantly when we were trying to switch to, say, Secret Chats to share large documents and try to get work done, it was just not.

adapted for it. At the same time, if you. were really paranoid, you think, you know, "I don't wanna be. screenshotted, I don't wanna have any leaks, I don't even trust Telegram; I only trust code," Secret Chats are the best option. I.

believe it is the most secure means of communication today. - And we should say that there's a lot of other aspects to this that are important. For example, Telegram is the only app that has open source. reproducible builds for both Android and iOS. Why is this important? - So, you need reproducible builds in order to verify that the app. really does what it claims, really encrypts data.

in a way that it is described on its website. For that, you need to make your apps. open source for any researchers to have a look at it. So, Telegram has been open source since 2013. Apps like. WhatsApp have never been open source, so you don't really know what they're doing and. how exactly they encrypt your messages. What's important here,

though, is to understand whether the version of the app that you download from the. app store corresponds exactly. to the source code that you can view on GitHub. And for that, you need reproducible. builds. As you said, Telegram is the only popular messaging app that does that. We allow people to make sure both on Android and. iOS that the source code of Telegram on.

GitHub and the app you're actually using is the same app. I think it's incredibly important, not just to gain people's trust, but just. to stay transparent and open about it. When I make this claim. that Telegram's Secret Chats are the most secure. way of communicating, I really mean it, because I. haven't seen any fact contradicting this. claim. At least among the popular messaging apps, you say WhatsApp,

Signal, iMessage, none of them have reproducible builds on both iOS and Android. None of them have, at least at the same level, put so much effort. into making sure that the algorithms that you. use in order to encrypt data are not algorithms that have been handed to you.

by some agency in order to create a honeypot. At least from what I know about our competitors, I don't think they went through the same process. - So, we should say that the entirety of the software stack in Telegram is done from. scratch internally to Telegram, so we're talking about not just the encryption.

but everything running on the servers. So the servers are built out, the hardware and the software are all done. internally, which is one of the ways you reduce the attack surface. on the entire stack that handles the messages. - It does make it more secure, because if Snowden's revelations. taught us anything, is that very often open source tools, modules, libraries that are used by everybody.

ended up having certain flaws and security issues. that make software vulnerable. It's also a way. to make sure you're doing things the most efficient way possible. But it's extremely difficult to do that. You really have to have. exceptional talent on your team to achieve this.

level of thoroughness, to go to a low. level of coding that allows you to recreate from scratch database engines, web servers, entire programming languages. Because the programming language we use on the backend. to develop the API for the client apps is also entirely built by our team.

- Yeah, so minimizing reliance on open source libraries is extremely difficult, as most companies, they rely on open source libraries. - Well, I wouldn't say we're completely independent from that. We use Linux on the backend. There's no way of avoiding it for us at the moment. But for the most part, we are much more self-reliant than most other apps. - You mentioned Edward Snowden. A long time ago, you wanted to work together with him,

perhaps to share expertise to understand the full realm of this... of what it takes to achieve cybersecurity. What do you make of his case? What. lessons do you learn from what he has uncovered, and. maybe even broadly, what impact has his work had on the world, do you think? - Well, the main lesson is not everything is what it seems. As you would.

discover, and this is. something that I found quite shocking at the time, that a lot of people. who you thought were security and cryptography experts. ended up being agents of the NSA in one way or the other, promoting flawed encryption standards. You would end up discovering that.

your government that was supposed to be limited in how it can surveil its people. actually doesn't consider itself that limited. And that was very. valuable for the world to understand. I guess it also can be a lesson demonstrating that we. humans don't get the balance right. So 9/11 created.

a situation when the government had to respond, and it. responded, but it overreacted. It ended. up eroding certain basic rights and freedoms, including the right to. privacy, because the government always wants to. increase its powers, and the government always. tries to do it at the expense of citizens. You have. this situation when the cure is worse than the disease. And I think it was.

incredibly brave to do what Edward did. I didn't get to work with him. or ever see him in person. We keep in touch, we sometimes communicate, but we're not close. I still think what he did is laudable. I hope someday we'll meet. - You yourself have faced the full force of various governments, intelligence.

agencies. Is there any intelligence agency you're afraid of? Any government you're afraid of? - I think they should all be equally afraid of, or equally not afraid. of in a way. It's not that this. intelligence service can kill you and the other can't kill you. - They all can kill you? - I guess they all can kill me one way or the other, but.

it's a matter of whether I'm afraid of death. - This goes back to the beginning of our conversation, I think, multiple times. So you're in general fearless in the face of the pressure. - That would be a very bold statement, but I proved to be quite stress. resilient. And it's not that you don't have. fear. You can have fear, but you overcome this fear. I don't think there is anything.

at this point that can happen to change the way I am. - So you went through a lot from 2011 to 2014, government pressure that you refused to give in to that led. you to create Telegram and let go of VK. And then in 2018, Russia and Iran decided to ban.

Telegram. That was another example of pressure. Can you take. me through that saga in 2018? - So in 2018, Telegram started to become popular. I think we had something like. 200 million users, and it increasingly became popular in places like Iran and Russia, and other countries where sometimes people.

have something to hide from the government. In Iran, people used Telegram to protest. against the government. They had these huge channels. that would use to organize the protests, and eventually the government couldn't keep up. They decided to ban Telegram.

People would still keep using it, though, using. VPNs. It didn't help. The government invested a lot in coming up with their own. messaging app. They had several teams. competing for the title of the national Iranian. messaging app. All these apps failed. People. still preferred Telegram. Interestingly, Iran banned Telegram, but.

WhatsApp wasn't banned, or at least they unbanned WhatsApp soon. after. At the same time, starting in mid-2017 or late-2017, Russia. demanded that Telegram hand them the. encryption keys. They thought these things exist, something. that would allow them to read messages of every. person on Telegram, or at least every person on Telegram in Russia.

And we told them, "That's impossible. If you have to ban us, ban us.". And this is what they ended up doing in spring 2018. And that was quite fun because they were. trying to block our IP addresses, but we were prepared for that, and we came up with this technology that allowed us to.

rotate IP addresses, replacing them with new ones every time the censor blocks our. existing addresses. And then it was completely automated. We had. millions of IP addresses. We would be burning through them. We set up this movement. called digital resistance when system administrators and engineers. all around the world, both inside and outside Russia, could set up their own.

proxy servers and their own IP addresses for Telegram to rely. on in order to bypass censorship. We. ended up spending, I think, millions of dollars on that. And as a result, the censor got crazy there. They would ban IP addresses and larger. subnets of IP addresses then. Huge subnets which resulted in a weird.

situation where parts of the country's infrastructure started to. Like people were trying to pay for groceries in the supermarkets, and. nothing would work. because the Russian censor blocked too many IP addresses. And some of the. subnets were used to host other unrelated services. Even some Russian. social networks and media got affected, banks.

So they had to start being more selective in how they combat. our anti-censorship tools. The biggest resistance we got at the time was from. Apple. Apple didn't allow us to update Telegram in their App Store, saying. for at least four weeks that we. have to come to an agreement with Russia first. We said,

"It's not possible." They said, "We will allow you to push your update. for Telegram worldwide, except for Russia." We didn't want to do that. Almost lost hope. You know, at some point I said, "You know, maybe. this is the only way. Maybe we should leave the Russian market. Stop. allowing users from Russia to download the app from the App Store, which would.

mean it's over." We helped organize certain protests in defense of Telegram. and privacy and freedom of speech in 2018 in Moscow. There were hilarious people flying paper airplanes. - I saw that. - And at some point, I decided, "I have to make a statement. I have to. say that Apple sided with the censor." That we are trying to do the right thing. here, but without Apple we can't do much,

'cause people can't download your app anymore. I published it in my channel and then the New York Times picked it up with the. picture of the protestors flying paper airplanes. Apple was criticized in that story, and I thought, "Well, Apple should probably.

come back to the right side of history here." And I waited for. one day and two days. In the. meantime, since we've been unable to update Telegram for more than a month, it started to fall apart because the new version of iOS came out, and it made the old versions of Telegram obsolete. Some features that used to.

work stopped working and users all over the world started to suffer. Like, people that had nothing to do with Russia from other parts of the world, experienced issues with Telegram. So it was really serious, and I said to my team, "You know what? If. by 6:00 PM today," I think it was a Friday, "nothing changes and Apple doesn't allow us to push.

the version of Telegram through, let's just forget about the. Russian market. Let's keep going because the rest of the world is more. important." It's sad, but what can we do? - Which, by the way, removes all the people that want to protest, all the people that. want to talk in Russia, it removes their ability to have a voice. in the most popular messaging app in that part of the world. - Yes. Magically, 15 minutes to the time. I was planning to remove Telegram from the Russian App Store in order to.

proceed globally, Apple reached. out to us and said, "It's okay. Your update is approved.". And we managed to keep playing. this hide and seek game with the censor, bypassing censorship through digital. resistance. In Iran, it was a little bit different because we realized.

it would've been too expensive to try to. come up with all those IP addresses. And in addition, it was. not clear whether we wouldn't be in violation of the sanctions regime, so we did something else. We created an economic incentive. for people who would set up proxy servers for Telegram.

Any person, say an Iranian engineer, could come up with a proxy server, distribute. its address among users in Iran, and whoever connected through the proxy of this. person would be able to see a pinned chat, an ad. placed there by the system administrator, the owner of the. proxy. And this is how you can monetize your proxy, so it created this.

market, which resulted in Iranians. fixing their own problem and as a result, we kept. millions, or maybe tens of millions, of Iranian. users. Up until this day, I think Telegram is still banned in Iran. today, but we probably have.

something like 50 million people relying on Telegram from that country. - So the people find a way around? - People find a way around. - That's ingenious. That's really great to hear. I have to ask you about this. After having spent many days with. you, I learned of something that you've never talked about. at the time, have not talked about to this day, that there was an assassination attempt on you using what appears to be poisoning in.

2018. I think to me, it showed the seriousness of this fight to uphold the. freedom of speech for everyone, for all people of Earth that you're. doing. I have to say, it would mean a lot to me if you tell me this story. - Well, this is something I never talked about publicly because I didn't. want people to freak out, particularly at the time. It was spring 2018.

We were trying to raise funds for. TON, a blockchain project, working with all kinds of VCs and investors. In the. meantime, we had a couple of countries trying to ban Telegram, so. it wasn't exactly the best moment for me to start.

sharing anything related to my personal health. But. that was something that is hard to forget. I never felt ill. I believe I have perfect health. I very rarely have headaches. or bad cough. I don't take pills because I don't have to take pills, and that was the only instant in my life when I think I was.

dying. I came back home, opened. the door of my townhouse, the place I rented. I had this weird neighbor. and he left something for me there around the door. And one hour after, when I was already in my bed, so I was living alone, I felt very bad. I felt pain all over my body. I tried to get up and.

go to the bathroom. But while I was going there, I felt that functions of my body started to switch off. First, the. eyesight and hearing, then I had difficulty breathing, everything.

accompanied by very acute pain, heart, stomach, all blood vessels. It was... It's a difficult thing to explain, but one thing I was certain about is, yeah, this is it. - You thought you were gonna die? - Yeah. This is it, because I couldn't breathe, I couldn't see anything.

It was very painful. I think it's over. I thought, well, I have had a good life. I managed to accomplish a. few... accomplish a few things. And then I collapsed on the floor, but I don't remember it, because the pain covered everything. I found myself. on the floor next day. It was already bright.

And I couldn't stand up. I was super weak. I looked at my. arms and my body, blood vessels were broken all over my. body. Something like this never happened to me. I. couldn't walk for two weeks after. I stayed at my place, and I decided not to tell most of my team about it, because, you know, I didn't want them to worry. But it was tough. That was tough.

- Did that make you afraid of the road you were walking? Meaning all the governments, all the intelligence agencies, all. the people. Like we mentioned, it's like you're playing a video. game. You started with VK where you're just trying to. build a thing that scales and all of a sudden you find out there's.

DDoS attacks attacking the security, the integrity of the infrastructure, and then you realize there's. politics, and then you realize there's geopolitics, and all of these forces are interested in controlling channels of. communication, and you're just a curious guy who created a platform for everybody. on Earth to talk, and all of a sudden you realize.

there's a lot of people attacking you. How did that change your view? Did that make you more scared of the world? - Interestingly, not at all. If anything, I felt even more free after that. It wasn't the first time I thought I was going to die. I had. an experience when I assumed.

something bad is going to happen to me a few years before that, also in relation to my work. But, you know, after you survive something like this, you feel like you're living on. bonus time, so in a way, you died a long time ago, and every new day you get is a gift.

- As a bonus. - Yes. - And the first time you're referring to, is that... would that have to do with. the complexity that was happening with the pressure. from the government on VK? And then you had to figure out. the increasing pressure and you had to figure out what to do, and. you understood that you're losing control of VK at that moment? - The first of these instances was in December 2011. In December 2011, you had this huge protest on the streets of Moscow.

They didn't trust in the integrity of the election results. to the State Duma in Russia. I remember in 2011, I still lived. in Russia, running VK. There was no Telegram. So the government demanded that we take down. the opposition groups of Navalny from VK that had.

hundreds of thousands of members and that were used to organize this protest, and I very publicly refused to do that. I just, you know, decided it's not the right thing to do. People have the right to assemble, and. I mocked the prosecutor who handed me that demand and put out a scan of it,

and next to it, a photo of a dog in a hoodie with its tongue out, and I said, "This is my official response to the prosecutor's request to. ban opposition groups." That was very funny at the moment, but then I had armed. policemen trying to get into my apartment,

and I thought about many things at that moment. I asked myself, "Did I make the right choice?" And I came to the conclusion that I made the right. choice, and I asked myself, "What would be the next thing. that would logically follow from this?" And I realized, "They're probably going to. put me in prison." So what am I going to do about it? I asked.

myself. And I told myself, "I'm going to starve. myself, starve to death." It's something that. probably many men have. They're ready to die for. other people or certain principles they strongly believe in. I'm not alone here. I guess Edward Snowden was ready to die as well, or some other people like Assange. Also, at that moment, I realized there is no way to communicate securely.

I need to tell my brother what's going on. They're probably going after him. How do I tell him without betraying him? Because in. 2011, remember, WhatsApp was already there. I think they launched it in. 2009, but it had zero encryption. All messages were plaintext. in transit, meaning that even your system administrator, let alone your.

carrier, had access to your messages. It was only after Telegram started this push for encryption that these other apps. suddenly remembered that privacy was in their DNA, as WhatsApp founders famously stated, but it must have been a dormant gene.

in 2011. So in 2011, there was no way... to send a message in a secure way. And I also told. myself, "If I'm going to survive this, I'm definitely. launching a secure messaging app." Somehow. it ended up not being too bad. I was summoned to the prosecutor, answered some silly questions, fewer questions that I had to answer.

more recently in the French investigation case. But it was the beginning of the end. It was clear that. there's no way I'm going to be allowed to run VK the way I wanted it to run. That was the moment I packed my backpack. and just started to wait. I moved to a hotel.

and realized any day I can leave the country. I kept. running VK. I started to design Telegram. and assembling the team, but I knew my days in Russia were numbered.

- Well, first, I really have to say for myself, millions, maybe hundreds of millions, maybe the entirety of Earth, thank you. for putting your life on the line in those cases. I think freedom of speech is fundamental to. the flourishing of humanity, so. And it depends on people. willing to put everything on the line for their principles. So, thank you. Quick pause. I need a bathroom break. All right. We're back, and once.

again, we had a super long day, and the fact that you would. spend many hours with me, thank you for powering. through. We got this. It's already late at night. - Thanks for doing this. - Okay. So there is increasing indication, I think, from things I've seen. online that Russia is considering banning Telegram. First of all, do you think this might happen? And what effect do you think this might.

have on humanity? And, in general, what do you think about this? - It can definitely happen. As you said, there are certain indications. There have. been certain test attempts to partially ban it. Telegram is no longer. accessible in parts of Russia, such as Dagestan. It would be incredibly sad. if Russia restores its attempts to. ban Telegram, because currently it's being used by its population for all kinds of purposes,

not just personal communication or economic business activities. But also, it's. communication or economic business activities. But also, it's. the only platform which allows the Russian people to access independent sources of information. If you think about media outlets such as BBC or any other non-Russian sources of information,

they're only accessible in Russia through Telegram in the form of Telegram channels. The websites are banned. Some other social media sites are banned. And as you said, like, there are indications that Russia is. planning to migrate users from existing messaging apps such as WhatsApp and Telegram.

to their own homegrown tool, which would, of course, be fully transparent to the government. and wouldn't allow voices independent from the government to express themselves. It's certainly an alarming trend. We see these attempts in countries that are not famous for. countries that are not famous for.

protecting freedom of speech, but also increasingly in countries that. have been known to protect freedoms. And this creates this. vicious circle, because in a way. European countries trying to fight freedom of speech. under pretext that sound legitimate, such as combating.

misinformation or election interference. They create precedents, and they legitimize restrictions to freedom of speech, which then, in turn, can be used by authoritarian regimes. And they would say, in places like China or Iran that. they're not doing anything different. It's the norm now to restrict voices that.

that don't go in line with the mainstream narrative. That's sad, because one of the things that makes. our life interesting is this abundance of different. viewpoints, of different people that we get to experience. You limit the. freedom of people, you inevitably decelerate.

economic growth, level of happiness, the way people. can contribute to society, the way people can express. themselves. I personally think it would be a huge mistake. to ban a tool like Telegram. in any country, particularly a large country such as Russia, because. the Russian people are incredibly talented and resilient people. They are among the.

first to start utilizing some of these recent innovations that Telegram. implements. They are the early adopters. I'd say them and. also the Americans, perhaps other people from Eastern Europe like Ukrainians. and Southeast Asians. They're among the first people to start. using any new addition that we launch. They're incredibly hungry for innovation.

- So all that said there's. as part of the propaganda, and in general, there's attacks on you all over the place. There's misinformation. I've read a bunch of things that. are, I think, in a systematic way, lying about you, lying about Telegram. from all angles. Why do you get attacked so much by everybody? - Well, protecting freedom of speech is not a way to make a lot of friends.

Because you would inevitably find yourself in a situation where. you would be protecting the freedom of the. opposition to the current government in any country. to express themselves. And then the initial reaction and a very. basic, instinctive reaction of any government would be to say, "Oh, our opposition.

shouldn't be trusted and allowed to express themselves, because they're. actually agents of some foreign. rival, a geopolitical force that wants to destroy our. country." This is something that every authoritarian regime in history used. You take. Stalinist Russia or Nazi Germany, Maoist China. They'd.

always use the same trick. They'd say, "We need to limit your freedom of speech, because these people who are masquerading as opposition are. actually the agents of this other country that wants to take. over. That's why, dear citizens, forget about your. freedoms." And now increasingly, you see similar attempts in.

free countries. The initial instinct from, say, President Macron's team. when they're confronted with some footage, for example, the footage of his wife slapping him, would be to say it's all fake. Russian imagery, something that is. inaccurate, something that is misinformation or interference. And then when they are.

confronted with more information, they have to refine the narrative. So when. you find yourself in a situation that you're running this platform. like Telegram, and then you protect the freedom to express. ideas that don't go in line with the mainstream narrative, you often find yourself.

in this crossfire when the forces in power will say that. you must be working with some foreign government that they don't. like. Inevitably they would say that. "Oh, if you're protecting these voices, it's not right.". They love you when you're protecting the freedom of speech in a country. that is far from them, or better yet, in a country.

that is their geopolitical rival. They praise you for that, but. then they have this bipolar attitude. when you do the same in their own country. And they say, "No, no, no, no, no. We loved you for protecting freedom of speech, but not here. Not in my backyard. We don't need it here. We're all. right. We have free press." And then you will find yourself in this weird spot and.

Ukrainians say you work for the Russians, the Russians say you work for the. Ukrainians. And all this schizophrenia is something that we had to deal with. for some time, because it's a very easy way to attack you. At. some point you don't understand where it is coming from. Is it our. competitors? And we must give credit to our competitors if.

it's their invention to launch these kind of rumors, because. at a certain point they must have realized they can't compete technologically. on the product side, so they must do something like this. Or. it's just governments launching these rumors, trying to discredit the. platform, trying to scare their citizens away from. it, because they understand that their power and grip over their own country is in.

danger, as long as they allow a pro-freedom platform to operate. - And through all of this, we should say over and over that you are. simply preserving the freedom of speech for all. people of Earth, no matter what they believe, as long as they don't call for violence and as long as they're not. doing some of the criminal activity that we discussed, including terrorist. organizing. But other than that, it doesn't matter what their belief, left wing or right.

wing. You're just preserving their freedom of speech. You think people of Ukraine, people of. Russia, and people of Iran, people of all over the world understand. that, despite the propaganda against you? - I think people are smart. Every time I meet. somebody from one of these countries you mentioned, in real life, people. recognize me in the street. Say here in Dubai, they come over, they seem. incredibly grateful and understanding. The propaganda in each of these countries.

would tell them a number of things, but they learned to discount it. That's why they're so happy that Telegram exists, is because the way they can. understand the world around them is to receive. conflicting, mutually exclusive viewpoints from sources that hate each other,

and try to understand what really is. true, because there's no such thing as an unbiased source of. information. When the war in Ukraine started in 2022, I instantly realized Telegram is going to be used. to spread propaganda by both sides,

and I didn't want Telegram to be used as a tool for war. I said, and I posted it publicly, I suggested maybe we should just. suspend the activity of all politics- related. channels in both countries for the time of the war. Maybe we shouldn't have channels in these two countries. And then, interestingly, people from both countries revolted against this.

They told me, both people in Ukraine and in Russia, that I don't get to babysit them. and decide for them what sources of information that. they have to be granted access to. They are grownups that can. make these decisions for themselves. They.

understand that there is a lot of propaganda. They learn to see through this propaganda. They learn to be able to tell truth from. lie. And in this time of war, it was particularly valuable for them. to receive as much information as possible, because their relatives, their friends. were getting affected and are still getting affected. They. want to understand what was going on.

At that point, I realized people are smart, people get it. People can see through it. If you ask most people in any of these. countries, "Do you agree that. access to Telegram should be restricted for whatever reason?" They would say no. - They hunger to have a voice. - They need a voice and they need a place to share their opinion securely. - I have to ask you, on the question of leadership in.

the LaPointe interview, the journalist said that you're often compared to Elon Musk. And you highlighted some interesting nuances around that, that you're. quite different; that Elon runs several companies at once. while you only run one, and Elon can. lean more on the emotional side while you deliberate and. think deeply before acting. Can you expand on. this? Also, there's an interesting point that you made that.

everybody's weakness is also a strength. Everybody's strength is also a. weakness. There's a dual nature to all our characteristics. So, on the. topic of Elon, what have you learned from his style. of leadership? What do you respect about him? - First of all, I don't think there is such thing as. a negative personal trait. In most cases, our.

bad traits and our good traits are the same trait or at least have the same. source. Of course, there are some extreme examples, but. I'd say 99% of people, if you analyze their character, their bravery can be seen. in recklessness in other situations. Depending on circumstances, you would see exactly the same personality trait, and it would be either a good. thing or a bad thing, because humanity is perfect.

as a whole and each of us is different for a reason. We have evolved to be. different, to complement each other's abilities so that together we are invincible. And even if you take a person. as complicated as Elon, I believe that certain traits that Elon.

demonstrates, that people criticize about him, are. also the sources of his strength. For example, his emotionality. is derived from the fact that he cares about issues deeply. and he is willing to start as many wars and as many fights as it takes. to change the world in the direction that he thinks is right.

He also seems to be able to extract motivation. from all these wars and personal conflicts, which is, again, not something to be. underestimated. At a certain point in the life of a. successful entrepreneur, the question of. motivation starts to be the primary question. If we're talking about the most. richest person in the world and the most famous entrepreneur in.

the world, you have to wonder, how does he motivate himself? And if starting. a war on X, debating certain issues, or becoming personal with other CEOs, criticizing them, if these activities help. Elon to innovate.

and start new projects, he should be doing more of it. There's nothing wrong in. being non-agreeable. Actually, it's one of the main traits of a successful. entrepreneur, not agreeing with things. And every time somebody like Elon... But there is no somebody like Elon. There's just. Elon. I think, at least from the entrepreneurs I.

know and I personally interacted with, he's unique in the sense that he keeps. launching new things, running them in parallel, and he doesn't seem to be stretched too thin. Well, some people think he is, but. he manages to still demonstrate success in all or most of his endeavors.

So again, you can criticize Elon for being emotional, but would he be the. same person without this? I doubt that. - and the incredible teams he's motivated too. There's an element of that, which you've spoken about. The team at Telegram, you know, assembling a team of A-players, as. we've talked about, is a skill in itself. And that's also a.

big part of the the leaders that we've discussed, is like what, judged in part by the team you assemble. - Yes. And one of the necessary character features to enable that is. to be ready to be unpleasant. You have to be ready to insult some people. if their work is inferior. You have to be ready to fire. them without remorse. So in order to be.

an efficient and great entrepreneur and enrich the world of innovations, you have to do unpleasant things. Most people will shy away from it. And. in a certain sense, entrepreneurs sacrifice their peace of mind in order to. contribute to the world around them. And Elon is a great example of that.

- I have to ask you about the big picture of Telegram. We've already talked about the fact that you own 100% of it, and there's a lot on the business side of it. The business structure of Telegram is. fascinating. You've invested 100, maybe hundreds of millions of dollars of your own. money. As far as I know, you take a salary of what? $1? - One dirham is one-third of that.

- One-third of a dollar. And in 2024 was the first time. Telegram was profitable. So one of the interesting questions is, here, that we could talk for many hours about, but I'd love to get a high-level. view picture. You've left what I. understand, what I think is a huge amount of money on the table. by sticking to your principles. For example, not doing advertisement. that's based on user private data, which basically every.

social media company does. So, the only advertisement that. Telegram does is based on channels and groups, based on the topic, not the private data of the individuals. And the other thing. is, which is also gangster and incredible, is you. don't do a news feed, which is the most addictive and. engagement-inducing aspect of social media, which feeds the very kind of addictive. downside of the internet: the distraction, the engagement drama, farming.

aspect that we've talked about in the very beginning that you try to resist, that you think is damaging the human mind at scale. So anyway, that's. just speaking to the fact that you're leaving a lot of money on the table. So, how the hell were you able to be profitable? What are the ways that Telegram. makes money? - Yeah. We had to innovate a lot in order to reach a point where we are profitable.

without having to resort to dubious business activities involving. exploiting personal data of users, something that most of our competitors do. Because money has never been the primary goal, at least not for me. When I sold. the remaining share of my first company, I had to do it below market price because.

I didn't leave Russia completely without any pressures, you know? I reinvested the vast majority of everything in Telegram. Telegram is an operation that is losing money for me personally. I. never... I didn't extract more from Telegram than I invested in it. I never. sold a single share.

But I also didn't want to sell Telegram, so how do you reach a point when you're. profitable without sacrificing your values? One of the ideas we explored was a subscription. model, but only for certain additional. features. We wanted to keep all the existing features free, and just add. more business-related tools or tools for advanced users.

that they would have to pay for, say, four or five dollars a month. It was quite unprecedented at the time. It wasn't considered. a viable option for messaging apps to do that. We launched the. premium subscriptions for Telegram in 2022, and now we have over 15 million paid subscribers. This is.

some very significant recurring revenue. So, we would. receive more than half a billion dollars from premium subscriptions. alone this year, and it's growing fast. For that, we had to innovate a lot. We included over 50 different features. into the premium package. And then, how do you.

make an app that is already more powerful than any other. messaging app on the market. even more useful so that people would be ready to pay for this. extra? That wasn't easy. That took a lot of effort. - And you're constantly adding features. - We're constantly adding features. - That's actually fun to watch, just the rate of adding... And some of them are. subtle, like the updates to improvements, expansions of polls, for example.

- Yes. You keep improving the existing features and adding new. ones, and every time when you add a new feature, you don't want to clutter the app. So, in a way, they're not in your way. They're invisible. That's not an. easy thing to do. And most of the features maybe are not even known. to the majority of our users. But when you need them, they're there. So, premium is one source of our revenue. We also have ads,

but they're context-based, not targeted. Of course, we leave probably. 80% of value on the table because we are not ready to engage in all those practices, exporting personal data. - Just to be clear, targeted ads is what most. social media companies, most tech companies that do any kind of advertisement. do, and that's the kind of advertisement that uses personal data from users,

just to clarify. And when you said 80%, that's a lot of money. - Of course, because we would never use, for example, your personal. messaging data, or your contacts data, or your. metadata, or your activity data to target ads. It's sad that it became synonymous with the internet. industry, this kind of exploitation, but we are happy.

with the fact that we managed to make Telegram profitable despite. that. We're also experimenting a lot with. blockchain-based technologies. We're the first. app to allow people to directly own their username and. their digital identities using smart. contracts and NFTs, removing Telegram from the picture. So, for example, Telegram cannot confiscate. your username from you. It's impossible. We do a lot of things related to.

the ecosystem of Telegram. We have a thriving mini app. platform, millions of mini app developers launching their own bots and applications. - So, a lot of people are making millions of dollars on the Telegram platform? - Yes, we enable them to receive. payments from the users through in-app purchase mechanisms provided by Apple and.

Google, which I think was the first attempt of this kind. to allow that both on iOS and Android, and on a big platform, so. that third-party developers of mini apps, which are basically. websites so deeply integrated into Telegram. that you can't tell whether they're standalone or. they're part of the overall experience. And by providing this.

payment option, we are able to extract a commission from these transactions. But. it's a very low commission. Presently, it's 5%. So we aren't greedy. here. We want people to succeed. in building these tools for our users. We understand that mini apps bring us users.

The more users we have, the more successful and relevant. Telegram becomes. We need third-party developers. I think, at this point, Telegram gives developers, by far, the most powerful. tools to create. - Plus, there's a bot API, and you have to tell me about the TON. blockchain and the crypto ecosystem available through. Telegram. So what is TON, also known as, the Open Network Blockchain?

- TON is a blockchain technology that we initially developed in 2018 and 2019, and we started to develop it because we needed a blockchain platform to. be integrated deeply into Telegram because we believe in. blockchain. We think it's one of the technologies that enable. freedom. But, at the time, if you look at Bitcoin, if you look at Ethereum, they were.

not scalable enough to cope with the load that. our hundreds of millions of users would create. They would just become congested. And I asked my brother, "Can we create a blockchain platform. that would be inherently scalable so that no matter how many users or transactions. there are, it would split into smaller pieces, which we. call shard chains, and would still process all. transactions?" And he thought for a few days and said,

"Yes, it's possible, but it's not easy." When we started building it, we ended up succeeding in developing that technology, but we couldn't release it. because the SEC, the Securities and Exchange Commission in the. United States was unhappy with the way. the fundraise for TON was conducted. So we had to abandon the.

project, and the open-source community took over. Luckily, because we. constantly conducted those contests with third-party. developers, there was a thriving community around TON, which now stood for The Open Network as opposed to. its prior name, Telegram Open Network. And so this project.

got eventually launched without our direct involvement, and it's. thriving now because everything we do, like I said, is blockchain-based, tokenized, usernames, Telegram accounts. are all based on TON and its smart contracts. It's the only way for third-party developers and creators.

to withdraw the funds that they. earn through our revenue-sharing programs. For example, with. channel owners, we do a 50/50 split of ad revenues. It's also the only way to transact on Telegram. For. example, if you want to buy ads on Telegram, you should use TON. All the new things we launch, for example, gifts that we mentioned.

earlier, which you can define as a reinvented socially relevant NFT. integrated into a billion-user ecosystem, but at the same time, available on-chain, transferable, which you can own directly, also based on TON. Incredibly. fast-growing space. We only launched them about half a year ago. And now as a result of.

these Telegram gifts, TON has become, I think, the largest or the second-largest. blockchain in terms of daily NFT trading volumes. - So, like you mentioned, it is a Layer 1 technology as opposed. to being built on top of Ethereum or Bitcoin. And it's able to. achieve the scale and the speed of transactions that's.

needed for something like Telegram. And like you also. mentioned, the gifts. You recently launched. some Snoop Dogg gifts. Are there going to be some other celebrities in the pipeline? - Yeah, I'm a big fan of Snoop, and that's why when they reached out, suggesting to do something together, I said, "Let's launch some. Snoop-related gifts." And it was really fun. We managed to sell.

12 million worth of gifts within 30 minutes. - 30 minutes. Well, there you go. I even got a few, but yeah. - After this, we have many requests from many really high-profile influencers. that, in a way, are lining up. - So, from my perspective as a fan, it's just interesting to see what kind of art you create for. any kind of celebrities, athletes, musicians, because the. the Snoop, the Snoop gifts are all.

just, like, going back to our previous conversation, just beautiful pieces of art. that, like, encapsulate certain memes, certain aspects of Snoop that everybody. knows. These cultural icons that he represents. That's. cool. That's just... and they're, the detail, the incredible. detail of the art of the individual gifts is just incredible. - And each of these gifts is scalable because it's vector-based. It references.

certain points in Snoop's creative biography. And each of them has countless. different versions. We had to create over 50 distinctive versions of each. And then each individual piece is unique because it also has unique. background, unique icon in the background. It's. something that we reinvented because we. didn't like the old school NFTs. First of all, they were.

not relevant socially because, okay, you have an NFT. Where do you demonstrate. it? In a Telegram, a Telegram gift is. there next to your name. It's part of your digital identity on. Telegram. And then you can create collections of gifts and show it off on your. profile page. But it also... The other thing that we wanted to reinvent is. the aesthetic part of it. Most NFTs are just ugly.

and they're not based on any sophisticated technology. So, what we did with. Snoop's gifts, I think represents an example of. beautiful, aesthetically pleasing, and at the same time very accurate in terms. of references to this specific artist's biography,

a mixture between art and technology, which I think is quite. rare. I'm quite proud of it. I think it's a new trend, a new. phenomenon. It's only half a year old. So, let's see where it goes. We're gonna select our next influencer. or artist to be part of it. - Hey, listen, I'm really proud I got a Snoop gift next to my name. and I figured out that you can add even more by pinning them. It's like a. cool little art icon.

- We didn't expect it, by the way. We just had a lot of fun. launching these things and then we realized. that one of the first collections we issued, we sold each piece at something like. $5. And then the minimum price of any items in these collections currently is. something like $10,000. And it keeps going up.

So, I was quite surprised with the reception. I realized, you know, when. you are trying to monetize a social media platform in a way. that is consistent with your values, you're forced to find ways that benefit your. users, not exploit them. People love these gifts. People love the fact that they can. congratulate a person close to them with something valuable. and at the same time something beautiful. Also, some people.

make a business out of it, which is funny. They resell these. gifts. We recently met a guy who earned several million dollars. just from buying and selling gifts. - It's a real market. - It's a real market. And it's just something that he did in a few. months. And last year when we launched. many new features for the mini apps on Telegram and,

payments options for them and the other monetization. options, the same guy earned $12 million. from mini apps. And I know several people who. anecdotally, like, "I earned $10 million, I earned $3. million," just in a matter of months single-handedly. Sometimes they would have a team of two, three. people. So, whenever I hear stories from people who.

were able to build businesses on top of Telegram, this makes me incredibly proud. - And mini apps include games, they include tools, services of. any kind. It's an app within the ecosystem of Telegram. Let. me ask you about crypto in general. So, you've been an early supporter of, cryptocurrencies, Bitcoin. You bought into Bitcoin early on. You kept buying. Maybe you could speak. to the reasoning why you kept buying Bitcoin.

Do you think Bitcoin will go to a million dollars? Do you think it'll keep increasing? And Bitcoin and all the other cryptocurrencies. - I was a big believer in Bitcoins since more or less the. start of it. I got to buy my first few thousand of Bitcoin in. 2013, and I didn't care much. I. think I bought it at the local maximum. It's something like. $700 per Bitcoin, and I just threw a.

couple millions there. And a lot of people after Bitcoin, later next year, went. down, somewhere close to 300, 200, started to express. their sympathy to me. They say, "Oh, you're a poor fellow. You made. this horrible mistake investing in this new thing, but don't feel bad about it. We still have some respect for you." And I,

my response to them was, "I don't care. I'm not going to sell. it." I believe in this thing. I think this is the way money should. work. Nobody can confiscate your Bitcoin from you. Nobody can. censor you for political reasons. This is the ultimate means of exchange,

and again, I'm now talking about Bitcoin but it relates to. cryptocurrencies in general. So I have been able to fund my. lifestyle, so to say, from my Bitcoin investment. Some people think. if I'm able to rent nice locations or. fly private, it's because I somehow extract money from. Telegram. But like I said, Telegram is a money-losing operation for me personally.

Bitcoin is something that allowed me to. stay afloat, and I believe it will come to a point when Bitcoin is worth $1. million. Just look at the trends. The. governments keep printing money like no tomorrow. Nobody's printing Bitcoin. There is.

a predictable inflation and then it stops at a certain point. Bitcoin is here to stay. All the fiat currencies, remains to be seen. - Let me ask you a deeply philosophical, serious question. In your first Tucker interview. you had two interesting chairs in the background. I think they. reference a now legendary meme the choice is Пики точеные или хуи дрочёные. What is the philosophical wisdom in the dilemma that these two.

chairs present? Have you had to face the dilemma yourself personally? - Not this exact dilemma. I think this is a riddle that people have to face in Russian. prisons. And metaphorically, it's describing all the situations where you're presented a choice. between two suboptimal options. When you're running.

a big business or when you're running a large country, it is. similar. You sometimes face this dilemma. What are you going to do? This very horrible thing or this also very horrible. thing? So I think the right answer to this riddle is. not to do any of these things. Reframe the question. Design a solution that turns a disadvantage into an advantage, and then use it.

to cope with the other side of the problem. So, do you know the answer to that riddle? - No, somebody on the internet said: "Не ходи туда, где задают такие вопросы." Which is. basically, "Try to avoid the situations where such. dilemmas present themselves, where there's no right answer.".

- This is one of the ways to answer this question. If you got to a tricky situation, that probably earlier you made a certain mistake. - You fucked up already. - It should have been avoided. But the other quite creative answer to this. question is that you. is you take the sharp objects from one of the chairs, or the spikes, and then you use them to cut off.

the objects from the other chair, and you know what objects I'm talking about. - That's a very engineering solution. I'm glad somebody came up with that. - I believe this is the right answer. We're often being manipulated. by politicians, by corporate leaders, to make a choice from two suboptimal options, and then when we are forced to make the choice, and we make the choice, it's.

almost as if it's something that we have to assume responsibility. for. I don't think we should be buying into that. - Okay, on this theme of absurdity and ridiculousness, let. me... there's an object here that appeared in the... Not many people seem to have. noticed this. People should go watch your excellent conversation in. the Oslo Freedom Forum behind you. I'm no archeologist, but I believe this is.

a... well, how should I put it? A. walrus penis bone, and it was behind you. You told me that you, that you brought it with you to France and back to. Dubai. I assume it brings you luck of some sort. What's the... why did you bring. it with you everywhere? Is it kind of like, you know, in America they have a.

wishbone? Is it just a large wishbone? Because a wishbone brings you luck. And I should also point out that. just like with Telegram, with the art, there's tiny little. walruses. And thanks to you, I had to also find out that a lot of. mammals have a bone inside their penis, and the evolutionary. advantage, I guess, of having a bone is quite obvious. It actually raises. the question of why humans don't have an actual bone inside their. penis. A lot of questions there.

- That's a very interesting subject. The reason I have this is because a tribe that is. almost gone, extinct in Siberia and Mongolia, called. Evenki, passed me this gift from them. Normally, they would craft something like this only for. their most respected leaders. It is supposed to be a token of their appreciation.

for bravery, courage, leadership. Ironically, it also translates. in a very specific way into the Russian language. In Russian, "walrus's penis" means. something a bit funny, which is often used to describe nothing. So, for. example, if you've been requested by, say, a certain government.

or a certain business partner. to provide something that you are not willing to provide, you can just politely. have this penis bone in the background while you're doing the video call. and hope that they would-. - through osmosis, figure out the deep message. It is an indirect rebellion.

By the way, in the former Soviet Union, there was, and a. lot of places throughout history, some of the rebellion had to take this kind of. symbolic, metaphoric form, through poetry, through children's. stories. It's the beauty of. human language and art that we're able to do that. Say "eff". you to whatever forces that try to overpower us. We say "eff". you through poetry, through art, and sometimes through a rather. large walrus penis bone... carried by what appears to be.

either a happy sumo wrestler or a cat of some sort. - They asked a lot of questions about this walrus's penis bone. in the airport, both here in the UAE and in France. They are always very. interested in this thing. - Hmm. There seems to be some confusion over how many kids you have. It's often said to be over 100. Can you explain how many kids you have?

- The truthful answer to this question is I don't really. know how many biological kids I have. exactly, because at a certain point in my life, about 15 years ago, I decided that. it was a good idea to be a sperm donor. Initially, a friend of mine asked me to help, because they were trying to have a baby with his wife, and.

they experienced certain health issues that prevented them to do it the. natural way. And he asked me, he told me, "We don't want to. just rely on some random, anonymous genetic material. We want somebody we know. and respect to be the biological father of our kid." And I said, "You gotta be kidding me. Sounds ridiculous. What are you even.

talking about?" But then I realized it's, it's. actually a serious issue, and they were not the only couple struggling with. that. So eventually, I got persuaded into doing more of. it. I can't say I'm incredibly proud of that, but I think it was. the right thing to do, particularly at the time when I thought, "Okay, I probably don't have much. time on this planet left. Things are getting trickier and trickier, so if I can help some couples.

have babies, let's do it." And then more recently, when I was working on my will, I realized that I shouldn't make a distinction between the kids. conceived naturally and the kids who are just my biological kids that I never. seen. As long as they can establish their.

shared DNA with me, someday, maybe in 30 years from. now, they have to be entitled to a share. of my estate after I'm gone. And that made a lot of noise in the news for some. reason. People get very excited by this kind of. news. I got a lot of messages from people claiming they're my kids.

I got a lot of requests from people asking me to adopt them. The memes were priceless, but understanding. that... no, it's not a thing that most people do. I don't see anything wrong with it. If anything, I think more people should. be donating sperm. - So, yeah, we should say that the 100-plus kids is from. that, and you also have naturally conceived kids. And it was a pretty bold decision.

to, from a financial perspective, to treat them all equally. And. also quite interesting was that you kind of said that they don't receive any money. for the first few decades of their life. Can you describe that thinking? - Yeah, I think overabundance paralyzes motivation and.

willpower. It's extremely harmful, particularly for young boys, to grow up in an environment. where they can be proud, not of their own achievements, but of. their father's achievements or their father's wealth. This removes the incentive to. work on developing their own skills, removes the incentive to study, to.

work. So, I thought if they're going to have this. money, it should be something that they would only get. when they're already adult. It's still risky. But one of the reasons I. decided it makes more sense to divide this huge wealth that.

I'm likely to leave behind among. 100 or more than 100 people, is that it won't be too much. for every single descendant. But at the same. time, some people did the calculation. It's still.

many, many millions of dollars for each child, so I'm not sure it helps too much. - On the topic of abundance, offline, we had a lot of. fascinating philosophical discussions, one of which was about the mouse. paradise experiment, also known as Universe 25. It's an experiment from. the 1960s and early 70s, conducted by ethologist John B. Calhoun.

And we can talk about this one for hours also, I'm. sure. But it was an experiment with a few hundreds of individual mice compartments, and they provided them with unlimited food, water, nesting, no predators, stable temperatures, and frequent cleaning. Basically, the definition of abundance as far as mice. go. And the interesting aspect of this experiment. is that at first the population doubled, it grew very.

quickly, but then it leveled off, and certain really negative social things started. happening. Like mothers neglected or killed their young. Violent attacks and. hypersexual activity became widespread. Some "beautiful" ones, largely inactive, well-groomed mice. withdrew, refusing to mate or interact. So, all of these kind of. societal qualities that we see as negative for the functioning of a. society started to emerge because of the abundance, and finally the.

collapse. The reproduction rates crashed. Social. dysfunction spread to the next generation and eventually just went. extinct. It didn't just plummet to a low level, it plummeted steadily to zero despite the fact that there. was ongoing resource abundance. As. the description states, "The last mice died surrounded by untouched food and. water." So, I mean, there's deep wisdom to that.

about abundance. It seems... You've mentioned this in different. contexts throughout this conversation, is it seems. like scarcity, it seems like constraints, it seems like non-abundance. is essential for human flourishing, which is a counterintuitive notion. It's true for mice, and I think it's probably true for humans too. - We have evolved to overcome scarcity. Almost by definition there.

has never been such thing as infinite amount of food. or entertainment in our lives before now. We seem as a species to lose our ability. to identify purpose in a world where you have everything, and everything loses its. meaning. Restrictions are important. I think, though, that they should be.

coming from within. It should be self-restriction rather than restriction. in order to create purpose and meaning in life. In a way, I was lucky in a very. counterintuitive way because I grew up. poor. I didn't have money when I was a teenager. I had the same jacket for years,

which was bought on a second-hand marketplace. My father wouldn't receive. his salary as a university professor for months because. the Russian state was almost bankrupt back then. My mom had to. juggle two jobs to take care of us. It was. not easy, but it also created purpose, it created meaning, it created.

priorities. It allowed us to focus on things that mattered, allowed us. to develop our character and intellectual abilities. Now, if we had everything... why do anything? These mice...

suffered societal collapse that was irreversible. And this. is not an accident. This kind of experiment has been repeated countless times. At a. certain point, social dysfunction and the erosion of social roles becomes. contagious, and the society gradually degrades into a. chaotic collection of individuals.

unable to take care of the next generation or even to produce the next generation, and it goes extinct. - It's fascinating because we're creating technologies, and this is what AI. is proposing to our future generations as a problem to solve, which. is AI may very well create abundance. And so. we will be like these mice potentially, whether it's AI or.

other kinds of technologies that increase and give more and. more to all of us, and it is a thing that will decrease the amount of. suffering in the world, increase the quality of life. But as we reach towards that. abundance, the fabric that connects us, rooted in our biology that's developed by evolution. might create a real challenge for us. - We should find the right balance between chaos and order, between self-restriction and freedom for creativity.

- Your father recently celebrated his 80th birthday. You had a. conversation with him. He gave you some life. advice. I think you mentioned to me one of the things he said was not to just. speak of your principles, but to live them, to lead by. example. I think this is something you already. do well. Maybe can you speak to what you've learned about life from your father,

maybe some of the lessons he told you in the conversation you had with him. on his birthday? - I'm incredibly lucky to have my father. He's a person who wrote countless books on ancient Rome and ancient Roman. literature, dozens of.

scientific papers, and I always remember him working. He would be. busy typing his books and articles on an old-school. typewriter back in the late '80s, early '90s. He was relentless. The example he set to myself and my brother was. priceless. Some people make this mistake of thinking that.

you can instill the right principles. in the future generation or into your kids by saying things to. them, but kids are smart. They discount words; they look at the actions. So observing our father was a big lesson by itself. It wasn't necessary for him to say anything to us. And then at the same time, he was incredibly patient, emotionally.

resilient. And, you know, my mom, great woman, incredibly smart, highly. educated, but she would sometimes try to test the patience of my father, and it's a. trait rooted in our biology. There's. an evolutionary explanation for that, that women sometimes tend to do that. And he.

demonstrated incredible patience all the time. He told me recently, "You shouldn't. give the wrong example. to the people around you, and in particular, to your kids, because. you can do the right thing nine times out of. ten, but you make a mistake once, and they will. instantly copy it. If you're telling your kids not to use a.

smartphone, but you're using a smartphone all the time yourself. and coming up with all kinds of sophisticated, brilliant explanations. why they shouldn't be using a smartphone, it won't land. It's bound to fail.". So you lead by example. And there are other numerous. lessons: staying positive, looking at the bright side, never despair, be honest. And, you know, he told me last time I spoke to him that AI.

can have consciousness, can be creative, but it cannot have. conscience. In a way, it cannot be moral. It cannot have. deeply rooted principles, cannot have integrity. in the meaning that we understand it as human beings. - I love the fact that you're talking to your 80-year-old father and.

you're talking about AGI. And the difference between human, the human. spirit, human nature and what AGI, AI is able to. achieve, and conscience is the thing that. humans have. The ability to know the right from wrong. - This is the lesson that he gave me. One of my goals in life is never to disappoint him.

- Another thing we've talked about, which I think is a. fascinating topic, is the power of the mind, power of thought. Do you believe you can affect your life in reality. by thinking about it, by manifesting it into being? What do you think? - There are many explanations why it works. One. thing most people agree on is that setting goals and staying positive and confident.

does allow you to achieve the things you want to achieve. It's very hard to believe, though, that you can just. manifest things into being without applying effort. in the direction that seems to be logical. Maybe some people exist.

that can just sit on the bank of a river. and materialize things by the power of their thought, but I'm not sure I'm one of. these people. I always found it more easy to believe that if you couple this. optimism and faith with logical action, then it is bound to be successful.

- Prolonged effort, hard work coupled with positive focus, thinking about the thing. - Oh, yes, over many, many, many days. It is possible. to imagine our world as a high dimensional universe. where humans have the ability to navigate through it with the power of. belief, which is coupled with.

positive emotion and logical thinking. But we are getting into. an esoteric realm. We don't have any proof of that, but we also know that we probably, at this point, haven't discovered even 1%. about this universe.

- I agree with you fully, and I like what you said in the way you. were thinking about it. You've told me. before that maybe there's a way that with effort and with. a focused mind, you can shape, you can morph the. sort of landscape of probabilities around. you, and it's a nice way to visualize it, that somehow our effort. and our focus changes the things that are likely and less likely, and.

by focusing on it, we make the thing more and more likely. At least as an. estimate, as a kind of field that we through our thoughts and through our actions. change that field, and there's eight billion of us doing so. And. together there's this collective intelligence that creates the world we see around. us, like the mice. And like you said, us as a humanity together are.

perfect. I like that you said that. - I admire your belief in the fact that we get to experience. this together, because it's not obvious. Maybe each of us experiences his own or her own universe, and maybe every second the universe splits into a billion of different. universes, and everything that can happen, happens. And there is a universe where,

say I died in 2013, maybe every time I die I actually get to shift to a parallel. universe where I don't die and then it keeps going and at certain points. we achieve this quantum immortality when we are 1,000 years old, but a lot of people from other versions of reality think we are long gone.

- Yeah, this is something that you explained to me, the idea of quantum immortality, which is a thought. experiment, which I find deeply fascinating. People should look into it. it. Which is very crisp, clean. consequence of the many worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics, that we as conscious beings can't experience our death. We can. only... As we branch into these many worlds, only the living.

consciousnesses get to experience it. So in some sense, yeah, there's many universes. If we're to. seriously take the many worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics, there's many universes where you. died many times, especially you. And I'm glad we're in a universe where we get to share the table. we're the, in a universe where we get to share the table. with this impressive bond, a little humor and a lot of. serious topics covered today. Once again, I can't say enough, a giant thank you from.

me and a giant thank you from hundreds of millions of people that follow your. work for you fighting for the freedom of all of us to speak and creating a. platform where we can do so. And thank you so much for talking. today, brother. It's been an honor getting to know you and to be able. to call you a friend. - Thank you for saying that. I'm also incredibly grateful. to you and to the fact that I happen to be in this version of reality.

When I haven't died, at least yet. And hopefully. we'll get to spend more fun moments in the years to come together. - Thank you, brother. Thank you for listening to this conversation. with Pavel Durov. To support this podcast, please check out our sponsors in the description. And now, let me try. to articulate some things I've been thinking about. If you would like to submit questions or topics like this. for me to talk about in the future,

go to lexfridman.com/ama. I'd like to use this opportunity to talk about Franz Kafka, one of my favorite writers. The reason he has been on my mind. is that his work, "The Trial,". and the case of Pavel Duro in France. has, let's say, eerie parallels, both metaphorically and literally. Of course, "The Trial" is a work of fiction, but I think it is often useful. to go to the surreal world of literature, even of the over-the-top dystopian variety.

like "1984," "Animal Farm,". "Brave New World," "The Trial,". "The Castle," "Metamorphosis,". even "The Plague" by Albert Camus, all to better understand our real world. and the destructive paths. we have the potential to go down together, which also hopefully helps us understand. how to avoid doing so. So lemme zoom out and speak about Franz Kafka. Who was he? He was an insurance clerk who wrote at night.

He died young and almost completely unknown, and he asked for his manuscripts to be burned. Luckily for us, his friend, Max Brod, refused to do so, giving us the work of what I consider. to be one of 20th century's greatest writers. In his work, Kafka wrote. about the cold, machine-like reduction. of humanistic case files. through the labyrinth of institutional power. He wrote about an individual's feeling of guilt.

even when a crime has not been committed. Or more generally, he wrote about the feeling of anxiety. that is part of the human condition. in our modern, chaotic world. His writing style was to use short, declarative sentences. to describe the surreal and the absurd, and in so doing, effectively, I think, convey the feeling of an experience. versus simply describing the experience. For example, famously, his work, "The Metamorphosis".

opens with the following lines, "As Gregor Samsa awoke one morning from uneasy dreams, he found himself transformed in his bed. into a gigantic insect. He was lying in his hard, armor-plated back, and when he lifted his head a little, he could see his dome-like brown belly. divided into stiff arched segments, on top of which the bed quilt could hardly keep in position. and was about to slide off completely. His numerous legs,

which were pitifully thin. compared to the rest of his bulk, waved helplessly before his eyes.". Kafka, I think, effectively uses this image. of being transformed into a giant bug stuck on his back. to convey a feeling of helplessness. and uselessness to his family, to his job, to society. The feeling of being a burden to everyone, dehumanized, alienated, and abandoned, the feeling of being only temporarily valued.

as long as he served some function. for his job or for his family, and quickly discarded otherwise. I will probably talk about this work in more depth. at another time, because it is so haunting. and I think it is such a profound description. of the burden of existence in modern society. for many people. But here, lemme talk about another of his work, "The Trial.". In this novel, the main character, Josef K,

is a successful bank officer, and he's arrested on his birthday for an unspecified crime. by a kind of amorphous court. whose authority is everywhere and nowhere. He navigates a labyrinth-like legal system. where everyone knows about his case, but no one can really explain it. The so-called trial. never actually occurs in any conventional sense. Instead, Josef K's entire life. becomes the proceedings leading up to the trial.

In a sense, "The Trial" is the state. of being accused itself, a permanent condition rather than a singular event. Kafka's genius in this work was to show. that modern institutions don't need to hold trials, they just need to hold you. in the permanent looming possibility of one. Public attention to this case, both positive and negative, gives Josef K a feeling. of constantly being judged by people around him. This wears at his mind.

and his psychological wellbeing begins to deteriorate. In a sense, the trial doesn't need to convict him. The internal psychological turmoil. and the external social scrutiny performs a conviction. and the eventual execution. And exactly one year after his arrest, Josef K is visited by two men. who walk him courteously through the city. to an abandoned quarry. and stab him in the heart, without Josef K resisting.

To me, "The Trial" shows. that tyranny's final victory isn't when it kills you, but when you hold still for the knife, not because you're forced, but because you've been exhausted into submission. Once again, it is a haunting story. of the soullessness of bureaucracy. and its suffocation of the human spirit. I highly recommend this short book, and I'll probably talk about it even more in the future.

I don't think it's especially useful for me. to speak any parallels between "The Trial". and Pavel Durov's case, because after all, "The Trial" is a work of fiction. But on a positive note, let me report that as far as I saw, Pavel has maintained optimism. and a general positive outlook. throughout this whole process. What I always fear in such cases. is that a bureaucratic system can wear people down, exhaust them into surrendering. I saw none of that with Pavel. I don't think he knows how to give up or give in,

no matter how much pressure he's under. Again, this is truly inspiring to me. Also, now that we're talking about it, let me mention some other of Kafka's work. that was moving to me, "The Castle.". A similar description as "The Trial" does. of the absurd inaccessibility of those in authority. of the nightmarish bureaucracy. The character in "The Castle" is also named K. Both bureaucracies operate through exhaustion,

endless deferrals, procedures, waiting rooms. Again, highly relevant to modern times. I can also highly recommend Kafka's. "In the Penal Colony" and "Hunger Artist.". Both are too interesting and weird. to explain in depth here. But let me say, "The Hunger Artist" is a story. that I think is relevant. to our modern-day attention economy, where so many people want to be famous. It tells the story of a, let's say, professional faster.

who performs starvation in a cage as entertainment, and he slowly loses his audience to newer spectacles, so much so. that eventually when he starves himself. to death, nobody cares. Kafka's work is heavy. It serves as a warning for the nightmare. that civilization can become, and yet I think it is also a source of optimism, because when we can recognize elements. of our own world in Kafka's stories, when we can see elements of our institutions.

in "The Trial" or in "The Castle,". when we can see ourselves in Gregor Samsa, we're not just diagnosing the disease, we're proving that we're still human. and wise enough to see it and name it. Kafka gave us the goal. to resist against such systems that try to dehumanize us. and to ensure that individual freedom. and the human spirit keep flourishing. I think it will. I have faith in us humans. I love you all.