Iran War Debate: Nuclear Weapons, Trump, Peace, Power & the Middle East | Lex Fridman Podcast #473

- If we wanna avoid wars, we have to have serious deterrence. because our enemies need to understand, we will use selective, focused, overwhelming military power when we are facing threats. like an Iranian nuclear weapon. - I'm not seeing the peace through strength. I'm seeing permanent militarism. and permanent war through strength. - Do you ever, ever hold our adversaries responsible. or do you just don't think we have any adversaries? - The easiest kind of nuke to make. outta uranium is a simple gun type nuke. - Are you saying that Mossad fabricated it? - Yeah. - That's where he's claiming.

Here's the offer, take it or leave it. Zero enrichment, full dismantlement. - Through the Iranians told the IAEA, you can inspect any five out of 10 facilities here, carte blanche, go ahead. And they did and found nothing. - Experts in Iran's nuclear program, including David Albright, who actually saw the archive, went in there, wrote a whole book on it. And there's a lot of detail about. how Iran had an active nuclear weapons program. called AMAD to build five nuclear weapons. - I have to refute virtually everything he just said, which is completely false. - I mean, really everything? There was not one thing I said that was true?

Just one thing. - I mean Iran is a nation over there somewhere. You got that part right. - 22 years of working on Iran and I got that right, - But do you know the population of Iran? - [Mark] 92 million. - Okay. - Gimme a pound, dude. - [Lex] There we go. Agreement. The following is a debate between Scott Horton. and Mark Dubowitz on the topic of Iran and Israel. Scott Horton is author and editorial director. of antiwar.com. Host of "The Scott Horton Show.". And for the past three decades, a staunch critic.

of US foreign policy and military interventionism. Mark Dubowitz, is a Chief Executive. of the Foundation for Defensive Democracies, host of the "Iran Breakdown," Podcast. And he has been a leading expert on Iran. and its nuclear program for over 20 years. This is the "Lex Friedman Podcast.". To support it, please check out our sponsors. in the description and consider subscribing to this channel.

If you do, I promise to work extremely hard. to always bring you nuanced, long form conversations. with a very wide range of interesting people. from all walks of life. And now, dear friends here's Scott Horton and Mark Dubowitz. Gentlemen. All right, it's great to have you here. Let's try to have a nuanced discussion/debate. and maybe even steel man apposing perspectives. as much as possible. All right, as it stands now,

there's a barely stable ceasefire between Iran and Israel. Let's maybe rewind a little bit. Can we first lay out the context for this Iran/Israel war. and try to describe the key events. that happened over the past two weeks, maybe even a bit of the deep roots of the conflict. - Sure Lex, first of all, thanks so much for having me on. Great to be on with Scott. I know he, and I don't agree on a lot, but I certainly admire the passion. and the dedication to stopping wars.

So that's something we wanna talk about. So let's talk about how we got to this war. So President Trump comes into office. and immediately lays out that his Iran strategy. is maximum pressure on the regime, and he will not allow Iran have a nuclear weapon. And he makes that clear consistently, I think made it very clear during his first term, made it clear throughout his career. And thus begins this process with the Iranians, which has kind of multiple tracks.

But the one that Trump sees most interested in at the time. is the diplomatic track. And he makes it very clear from the beginning. in a sort of oval office remark. He says, the Iranians can either blow up. their nuclear program under US supervision, or someone's gonna blow it up for them. And even though, you know, at the time we think Netanyahu is really trying. to push the president into a military campaign, well, I'm sure we'll talk about that throughout the podcast. The president authorizes his lead negotiator. and close friend Steve Witkoff to begin outreach.

to the Iranians and thus begun The Oman Round. And it's Oman round because it's taking place in Oman. with mediation efforts by the Omanis. There are five rounds of negotiations with the Iranians, and through the course of those negotiations, the US finally puts on the table an offer for Iran. We'll talk about the details of that. The Iranians reject that offer, and we're now into the sixth round, which is supposed to take place on a Sunday.

On the Thursday before the Sunday the Israelis strike. And they go after, in a rather devastating campaign. over a matter of now 12 days. They go over and go after Iran's nuclear program, the key nuclear sites. Going after weapon scientists who are responsible. for building Iran's nuclear weapons program. and also go after top IRGC, Islamic revolutionary guard commanders, as well as top military commanders.

And yet there's still this one site. that is the most fortified site. It's called Fordo. It's an enrichment facility. It's buried under a mountain, goes about 80 meters deep. It's encased in concrete, it has advanced centrifuges. and highly enriched uranium. The Israelis can do damage to it, but it's clear it's gonna take the United States. and our military power in order to severely. degrade this facility. And Trump orders United States Air Force.

to fly B2 bombers and drop 12 massive ordinance penetrators, which are these 30,000 pound bombs on Fordo. in order to, as he said, obliterate it more realistically. to severely degrade it. So that happens. And then he offers the Iranians, as he's been offering all the way through. You have an option, you can go back to Oman, I told you Oman, and you decided to force me to go to Fordo, but now we can go back for negotiations. And he forces a ceasefire on the Iranians,

gets the Israelis to agree. And that's where we are today. That's where as you say, a tentative ceasefire. that just came into effect. And we'll see now, if the Iranians decide. to take President Trump on his repeated offers, join him in Oman for another round of negotiations. - Scott, is there some stuff you wanna add to that? - Sure. Well, he started with January, right? Trump's second term here. And the maximum pressure campaign. Essentially as should be clear to everyone now.

All these negotiations were just a pretext for war. Trump and his entire cabinet must have known. that the Ayatollah is not going to give up. all the enrichment. That is their latent nuclear deterrent. Their posture has been heavily implied, don't attack us and we won't make a nuke. While America's position was, if you make a nuke, if you start to, we'll attack you. So it's the perfect standoff. But what happened was, and you might remember. a few weeks ago, there was some talk about,

well, maybe we could find a way to compromise. on some enrichment. Maybe they could do a consortium with the Saudis. Maybe there's some way that we... And then nope, the pressure came down. No enrichment, zero enrichment. But that's a red line. Everyone knows that there's... And even now it's probably less likely than ever. that they're going to give up enrichment. Sure, they bombed Fordo, but they didn't destroy. every last centrifuge in that place. And the Iranians are already announcing. that they're already begun construction. on another facility under a taller mountain.

buried even deeper. And you know, they figured out. how to enrich uranium hexafluoride gas, you know, what, 20 years ago now. And they will always be able to, and this is the slippery slope that we're on. with these wars. Is, in fact, I saw our friend here on TV the other day. as he almost pretty much just implied there, saying, well now Trump has to go in. You know, we were told. it's just Israel doing it, don't worry. But then no Trump has to hit Fordo,

or else now they'll break out toward a nuclear weapon. So in for a penny, in for a pound, in for a ton. And now once we bomb Fordo again and Natanz again. and the new facility again, then it'll be decided. that nope, as Benjamin Netanyahu said the other day, you know, what would really solve this problem? If we just kill the Ayatollah, then everything will be fine. Then we'll have a regime change and then what? Then we'll have a civil war. with Bin Ladenites again in the catbird seat,

just like George Bush put them in Iraq. and Barack Obama, put them in Libya and in Syria. And we'll have a series and Baluchi suicide bombers. and Shiite, you know, revolutionaries. and whoever all vying for power. in the new absolute chaos stand. If you listen to the administration and Mr. Dubowitz, they're essentially just implying that like, oh yeah, mission accomplished. We did it, their nuclear programs destroyed. Now we don't have to worry about that anymore. But that's not true. Now there's every reason to believe,

and we don't know for sure. There's every reason to believe. that at least is much more likely now. that the Ayatollah will change his mind. about God changing his mind and will say. that actually maybe we do need a nuclear deterrent. That's really what it's been. for this whole time, is a bluff. We have bullets in one pocket, revolver in another. Let's not you and me fight and escalate this thing. It's the same position, by the way, as Japan and Germany and Brazil. Two of the three of those. are under America's nuclear umbrella, I admit, but still. Where they've proven they've mastered the fuel cycle.

and they can make nuclear weapons. But hey, since nobody's directly threatening them now, why escalate things and go ahead and make atom bombs? That has been their position the whole time. because after all, they could not break out. and make a nuke. without everyone in the world knowing about it. And that's why Lex, and I'm sure you could vouch. for me on this, if you've been watching TV. over the past few weeks, you'll hear Marco Rubio, and all the government officials. and all the war hawks say, oh yes, 60%, 60%. What do you think they need with that 60%? Implying that, oh yes, see they're racing toward a bomb.

But you see how they always just imply that? They won't come right out and say that. 'cause it's a ridiculous lie. They could have enriched up to 90 plus percent uranium 235. this whole time. The reason they were enriching up to 60%, was in reaction to Israeli sabotage. First of all, assassinating their nuclear scientists. and then their sabotage at Natanz. They started enriching up to 60%. just like they did in the Obama years. to have a bargaining chip to negotiate a way. Under the JCPOA, they shipped out every bit of their enriched uranium. to France to be turned into fuel rods.

and then shipped back into the country. to be used in their reactors. And so they're just trying to get us back in that deal. It is an illusion. And I don't know exactly what's in this man's mind, but it's just not true that they're making nuclear weapons. And it has been a lie of Benjamin Netanyahu, and his Likud party regime. And for that matter, the Kadima regime. of Ehud Olmert before him, that this is a threat. that has to be preempted when in fact. it never was anything more. than a latent nuclear deterrent.

- Maybe a good question to ask here is what is the goal. for the United States in Iran. in relation to Iran's nuclear program? What is the red line here? Does Iran have this need for latent nuclear deterrent? And what is the thing that's acceptable. to the United States and to the rest of the world? What should be acceptable? - Yeah Lex, so there was a lot to unpack there. So let's sort of just back up a little bit. Let's talk about, first of all, the regime itself.

Islamic Republic of Iran came into power in 1979, is been declared a leading state sponsor of terrorism. by multiple administrations. dating back to the Clinton administration. By Obama, by Biden, by Trump. And it is a regime that has killed. and maimed thousands of Americans, not to mention obviously hundreds. of thousands of Middle Easterners. It is a regime that has lied about its nuclear program. and never actually disclosed its nuclear sites.

All these sites were discovered. by Iranian opposition groups, by western intelligence agencies. And the International Atomic Energy Agency, which is the UN agency responsible. for preventing proliferation, has come out again and again over many, many years. in reports, very detailed reports. describing Iran's nuclear weapons program. There have been multiple attempts at diplomacy with Iran, I'm sure we're gonna talk about it. Scott mentioned the JCPOA.

So we should certainly talk about the JCPOA, which was the 2015 deal that Barack Obama reached with Iran. But multiple attempts to actually get the Iranians. to negotiate away their nuclear weapons program. I mean, it's worth mentioning. that if Iran wanted to have civilian nuclear energy, there are 23 countries in the world that have it, but they don't have enrichment. and they don't have reprocessing. We sign these deals called the gold standard. with the South Koreans, with the Emiratis, with others. And we say, if you want civilian energy, you can have power plants,

you can buy your fuel rods from abroad, but there's no reason to have enrichment. or plutonium reprocessing. because those are the key capabilities. you need to develop nuclear weapons. Now the five countries that have those capabilities. and don't have nuclear weapons are Argentina, Brazil, Holland, Germany, and Japan. And I think it's the view of many administrations. over many years, including many European leaders. that the Islamic Republic of Iran is very different.

from those before mentioned countries. because that it is been dedicated to terrorism, it's been killing Americans. and other Westerners and other Middle Easterners. And it is a dangerous regime. You don't want to have that dangerous regime. retaining the key capabilities. and needs to develop nuclear weapons. But I wanna kind of get back more to the present. I mentioned this with surrounding negotiations at Oman. Scott saying that President Trump had said, here's the offer, take it to leave it. Zero enrichment, full dismantlement.

Well, in fact, that wasn't the offer that was presented. to the Iranians at Oman. The offer was a one page offer, and it said you can temporarily enrich above ground. You've gotta render your below ground facilities, quote non-operational. And then at some time in the future, three, four years, as Scott said, there'll be a consortium that'll be built, not on Iranian territory. It'll be a partnership with the Saudis and the Emiratis. It'll be under IAEA supervision. And that enrichment facility will create fuel rods.

for your nuclear reactors. So that was the offer presented to Iran. And that offer would come with significant sanctions relief, billions of dollars that would go to the regime. Obviously the economy there has been suffering. The regime has not had the resources. that it's had in the past to fund. its what I call its access of misery, its proxy terror armies around the world. And it was a good offer. And I was shocked that Khamenei rejected it. He did reject it and I think he rejected it.

'cause I think he believed that he could continue to do. to President Trump what he had done to President Obama, which is just continue to squeeze and squeeze. and squeeze the Americans at the table. in order to ensure that he could keep. all these nuclear facilities, all these nuclear capabilities so that at a time. of his choosing, when President Trump is gone, he can develop nuclear weapons. Now it is a bit interesting to say. that Iran has no intention to develop nuclear weapons. Now let examine the nuclear program.

and ask does this sound like a regime. that's not interested in building nuclear weapons? So they built deeply buried underground. enrichment facilities that they hid. from the international community and they didn't disclose, they had an active nuclear warhead program called AMAD, which ended in 2003 formally, when the United States invaded Iraq. And we know that because not only has that been detailed. by the IAEA, but actually Mossad in a daring operation.

in Tehran took out a nuclear archive. and brought it back to the West. And then the IAEA, and the United States. and the intelligence communities. went after this detailed archive, went into it. and discovered that this supreme leader, Ayatollah Khamenei, had an active program to build five atomic warheads. And it was a very detailed program with blueprints. and designs, all of which was designed under AMAD. to build a nuclear weapons program.

So again, it's interesting to say. that he doesn't have the intention. to build nuclear weapons when he actually had an active. nuclear weapons program. And we can talk about what happened to that program. after 2003, and there's a lot of interesting details. So when you combine the fact. that he has an active nuclear weapons program, he has sites that are buried deep underground, he has weapon scientists who have come out. of the AMAD program and continue to work. on the initial metallurgy work. and computer modeling design.

to actually begin that process of building a warhead. And all of this has been hidden. from the international community. He has spent estimates of a half a trillion dollars. on his nuclear program in direct costs. and in sanctions costs. And one has to ask, and I think it's an interesting question to compare the UAE. and Iran, right? The UAE signed the God standard. They said we'll have no enrichment capability. or reprocessing, they spent about $20 billion on that.

and it supplies 25% of their electrical generation. Khamenei spent a half a trillion dollars. and that program supplies maybe 3%. of their electrical needs. In fact, they have reactor. that they bought from the Russians called Bushehr, and that reactor, it's exactly what you'd want. in a proliferation proof reactor. They buy fuel rods from the Russians, they use it and they send the spent fuel back to Russia. So it cannot be reprocessed in the plutonium.

So I just think it's important for your listeners. to understand just some of the technical. nuclear history here, in order to unpack this question of did Khamenei. want nuclear weapons? What was his goal here? And then we can talk about was this the right operation. in order for the United States to order the B2 bombers. to strike these facilities. in what again was a limited operation. as President Trump has said. In order to drive the Iranians back. to the negotiating table.

and finally do the deal that President Trump. has asked them to do since he came into office in January. - Yeah, that is one of the fascinating questions. Whether this Operation Midnight Hammer. increased or decreased the chance. that Iran will develop a nuclear weapon. - Before you ask any more questions, I have to refute virtually everything he just said, which is completely false. - I mean really everything? There was not one thing I said that was true. Just one thing. I mean Iran is a nation over there somewhere. You got that part right? - All right, 22 years of working on Iran. and I got that right. - So, but do you know the population of Iraq?

- [Mark] 92 million. - Okay. (Lex laughs). - So first of all they were trying to buy. a light water reactor from the Europeans. or the Chinese in the 1990s. And Bill Clinton wouldn't let them. And put tremendous pressure on China. to prevent them from selling them a light water reactor, a turnkey reactor that produces waste that's so polluted. with impurities that you can't make. nuclear weapons fuel out of it. By the way, they never have to this day. had a reprocessing facility for reprocessing plutonium, even their current plutonium waste.

from their heavy water reactor at Bushehr, to make weapons fuel out of that. They have no plutonium route to the bomb under the JCPOA. - But they had that at a Arak, not Bushehr. There's a difference between a rock... Arak is a-. - Arak is where the pour concrete into the reactor. and shut it down. - And the reason they pour concrete-. - Under the JCPO. - Not they, but the Obama administration, He's right, under the JCPOA, poured concrete. into the calandria in order to prevent them. from using that reactor to reprocess plutonium. So there's a distinction between Arak and Boucher.

Scott's exactly right. Boucher is a reactor, a heavy water reactor. provided by the Russians as I described. for the generation of electricity. its proliferation proof. Arak is the opposite. It's a heavy water reactor that was built. for a plutonium pathway to nuclear weapons. Which is exactly why under the JCPOA, they literally had to pour concrete into the middle of it. to prevent it from reprocessing plutonium. - I think we're gonna need a scientist to come in here. and split the difference. Or maybe we need to go and look up some IAEA documents.

'Cause I don't believe that Arak. ever had a reprocessing facility for their plutonium waste. And the deal under the JCPOA, the Russians would come and get all their plutonium waste, which the waste comes out all polluted and not useful, you need the reprocessing facility. to get all of the impurities out. - [Mark] Just to clarify-. - It could be that I'm wrong about that, but I don't believe that they ever had. a reprocessing facility a Arak that they could use. to remove all those impurities.

and then have weapons grade plutonium fuel. as the North Koreans do. - So the Obama administration was very clear. under the JCPOA, we are gonna pour concrete into the Arak facility. as Scott acknowledged, because we are concerned that Arak can be used. for reprocessing, plutonium. for plutonium pathway to a nuclear weapon. - Can be used, but we don't know if it was used. - Oh, we know it never was, there never was any reprocessing. of weapons fuel there. - [Lex] But there was concrete poured. - [Mark] I'm happy to- - There's no indication.

- For your viewers who are interested. and not to plug my own podcast Lex, so I apologize, but I-. - [Lex] It is a very good podcast. - I just recently had David Albright on my podcast, who is actually a physicist and a weapons inspector. and goes into a lot of detail. about the Iranian nuclear program. Please listen to the podcast. - [Lex] "Iran Breakdown," by the way. is the name of the podcast. - Yeah, and David's the president. of the Institute for Science International Security. and by the way, spent decades on this. And to his credit, he was one of the deep skeptics. of the Bush administration's rushed War with Iraq and he-.

- That's not true. He vouched for claims that there were chemical weapons. in Iraq and later said he was sorry for it. - Again, as I mentioned the Bush administration's rush. to war based on their claims. that Saddam was building nuclear weapons. - He did debunk the aluminum tubes though. - He debunked it. and it was a deep skeptic again of the rush to war in Iraq. You know, the argument today, Lex, which I think is the more interesting argument. 'cause there are very few people left today. who don't believe that the Iranians were building. the nuclear weapons capability that gave them the option.

to build nuclear weapons. - [Scott] I already said that. - We can debate whether they had decided to, and I'm interested to hear Scott's opinion on this, but the recent intelligence that has come out. that the Iranian nuclear weapon scientists have begun. preliminary work on building a warhead. - Came out from where? This intelligence that came out? who put that intel? Israeli claims not verified by the US. and "The Wall Street Journal," anywhere, right? - Let's just talk about-.

- [Scott] No let's talk about all of my list of refutations. of all your false claims-. - 10 years years ago. "The Wall Street Journal," did verify-. - [Scott] That's a lot of false claims-. - Lawrence Norman. - [Lex] One at a time, one at time. - Lawrence Norman actually wrote a piece. And this was during the Biden administration. because the Biden DNI had actually come out. and for the first time in their annual threat assessment. had removed a line that said Iran is not working, currently working on developing any capabilities. that would put it in a position to actually deliver.

a nuclear warhead. And what became the Lawrence Norman piece. in "The Wall Street Journal,". was that there actually was initial work done on metallurgy. and on computer modeling. And so those actually were defined terms. in Section T of of the 2015 JCPOA, which defined weaponization in that section. And metallurgy and computer modeling. were some of the initial steps. So the DNI was very concerned under Biden, that these initial steps meant that either Khamenei.

had given the green lights. Or nuclear weapon scientists in order to get ahead. of the boss so they could be in a position. if he decided to move forward on this. Were in a position and their timelines. were therefore expedited. So it's interesting, I mean again, you've got the DNI under Biden, you've got the CIA Director John Ratcliffe, you've got Israeli intelligence, you've got "The Wall Street Journal,". and you've got the IAEA asking questions of Iran. on its past weaponization activities. Why are you denying us? - Who's the dog that didn't bark there?

The current director of National Intelligence. who issued her threat assessment, Trump's Director of National Intelligence, Tulsi Gabbard, who issued her threat assessment in February, that repeated the exact same language. from the National Intelligence estimate of 2007. And that the CIA and the NIE, the National Intelligence Council, have reaffirmed repeatedly ever since then, which is that supreme leader has not decided. to pursue nuclear weapons. He has not made the political decision. to pursue nuclear weapons. She testified in fact under oath.

in front of the Senate in March. And then according to CNN and "The New York Times,". there was a brand new assessment. that was put together the week before the attack. was launched, reaffirming the same thing. And at least in history, if you read it in "Haaretz,". Mossad agreed with the CIA. - I'd like to just sort of quote. CIA director John Radcliffe. 'Cause Scott brought up the CIA. and the intelligence committee. I think Radcliffe had a good way of looking at this is, and that he said is, you know,

when you're in the 99 yard line as a football team, you have the intention of score a goal quote unquote. And what he was actually pointing to is, let's not talk about this debate about whether Khamenei. had given the order or not given the order. Because Khamenei knows that if he gives an order, the US and Israeli intelligence community will pick up. on that order and that will be the trigger for strikes. What Radcliffe is saying is that Khamenei had built. the nuclear weapons capability, he's at the 99 yard line and both the CIA. and European leaders, European Intelligence Committee.

has said for years that if Iran has that capability. and they're on the 99 yard line, at that point it's gonna be too late to stop them. Once that decision is made to assemble the final warhead, which by the way is the final piece of what you need. for a deliverable nuclear weapon. - That's not true at all, right? They have to resort to a crude analogy. about football yard lines. because they can't say the truth, which is that they had zero weapons grade uranium, they were not producing it. They were trying to get the United States back in the deal.

that they are still officially within the JCPOA. with the rest of the UN Security Council. wherein they shipped all of their enriched uranium stockpile. out of the country to France to be transferred to fuel rods. Their insistence was on their continued ability. to enrich uranium. And so this goes to one of the things. that he at least sort of brought up. that deserves addressing. When Trump came into power in 2017,

he decided on this Israeli influence maximum pressure. campaign and he said the JCPOA was the worst deal. in the history of any time any two men ever shook hands. and all these kinds of things in his hyperbolic way. Which of course made it very difficult for him. to figure out a way to stay in the thing. or to compromise along its lines. But the fact of the matter is, if he had just played it straight and said, listen Ayatollah, we don't have to be friends, but we do have a deal here, which my predecessor struck with you,

but I don't like these sunset provisions. and I wanna send my guys over there. and see if we can figure out a way to convince you. that we really wish you'd shut down calm altogether. or this or that or the other thing. And tried to approach them in good faith. We talk about yard lines and things. We had a JCPOA, okay? So toward peace, we were past the 50 yard line. Donald Trump could have gone to Tehran. and shook hands with the Ayatollah, as Dick Cheney complained that we had cold relations.

with Iran back in 1998 when he was the head of Halliburton. and said, we can do business with these guys. Donald Trump could have gone right over there. and done business. And instead he gave into Netanyahu's lies. in this ridiculous hoax that they had uncovered. all these Iranian nuclear documents, which he's pretends is legit, where all they did was recycle the fake Israeli forged. smoking laptop of 2005. Which they lied and pretended was the laptop.

of an Iranian scientist. that was smuggled out of Iran by his wife. and had all this proof. of a secret Iranian nuclear weapons program on it. But every bit of that was refuted, including the thing about the warhead he said was refuted. by David Albright and his friend David Sanger. in "The New York Times.". That all those sketches of the warhead. for the missile were wrong. Because when Mossad forged the documents, they were making a good educated guess, but they didn't know that Iran had completely redesigned.

the nose cone of their mid-range missiles. and had an entirely different nose cone. that would require an entirely different warhead. than that described in the documents. And why would they have been designing a warhead. to fit in a nose cone that they were abandoning? And so that was refuted, David Albright completely discredited your claims there pal. And then they later admitted that it was a CIA laptop. There was no laptop. And they later admitted, Olli Heinonen admitted, who was a very hawkish one of the, not director, but a high level executive.

at the International Atomic Energy Agency, admitted that that intelligence was brought into the stream. by the Mujahedin-e Khalq communist terrorist cult. that used to work for the Ayatollah during the revolution, then turned on him and he turned on them. and kicked them out. Then they went to work for Saddam Hussein, where they helped crush the Shiite. and Kurdish insurrection of 1991. And then they became America Donald Rumsfeld's. and Ariel Sharon's sock puppets. and later Ehud Olmert's sock puppets when the United States.

invaded Iraq and took possession of them. They're now under American protection in Albania. And these are the same kooks. who just a few weeks ago you might remember saying, look, new satellite pictures of a whole new. nuclear facility in Iran. Isn't it funny how no one ever brought that up again? Didn't bomb it, it was nothing. It was fake. Just like before when they said, hey look, here's a picture of a vault door. And behind that. is where the secret nuclear weapons program is, except turned out that vault door was a stock photo. from a vault company, it meant nothing. And they had repeatedly, you know,

made claims that were totally refuted. Just like I'm about to refute his claim. that they ever were the ones who revealed, for example, Natanz. He was implying that Natanz and Qom were both buried. and hidden until revealed. I think you said by dissident groups. That is the MEK sock puppets of the Israelis. But it was your friend David Albright, not the Israeli Mossad through the MEK. who revealed Natanz facility. Ask him, he'll fist fight you over it. He claims credit.

He was first and said this is a facility. However, they were not in violation. of their safeguards agreement with the IAEA. They were still six months away from introducing. any nuclear material to that facility. And so when it was revealed. they weren't in violation of anything. And then on Qom, we had a huge fight about this at the time. The party line came down from all the government officials. in the media that they had just exposed the facility there. Qom is Fordo, same thing.

When in fact that wasn't true. The Iranians had announced to the IAEA, that we have built a new facility here. and we are going to introduce nuclear material. into it within six months. So here's your official notification. And then a few days later they just pretended to expose it. When it was the Iranians themselves who had admitted to it. in going along with their obligations. under their safeguards agreement. So it's just completely wrong. Why do they bury them?

They buried them for protection. because clearly the Israelis have indicated since the 1990s. that they consider any nuclear program in Iran. to be the same thing as an advanced nuclear weapons program. You're hearing that today. For them to have a nuclear facility at all. is equivalent to them going ahead and breaking out. and making a nuclear weapon. And so of course they know that they have to have it buried. to protect it from Israel. That doesn't mean that they are trying to get nukes. It does mean, as I already said, that they wanted to prove.

to the world that they know how to enrich uranium. and that they have facilities buried deeply enough. where if we attack them that would incentivize them. to making nukes and then we might be unable. to stop them without going all the way. toward a regime change, which they're bluffing, basically betting that we won't go that far. considering how gigantic their country is. and how mountainous and populous it is. compared to Iraq next door. Now here's some more things that he said that weren't true. So he said Iran has been killing Americans all this time.

Well that's almost always a reference to Beirut 1983, which you can read in the book "By Way of Deception,". by Victor Ostrovsky, the former Mossad officer, that the Israelis knew that they were building. that truck bomb to bomb the Marines with, and withheld that information from the United States. and said that's what they get. for sticking their big noses in. And that is in the book "By Way of Deception,". by Victor Ostrovsky. And by the way the Israelis were friends with them. with Iran at the time all through the 1980s.

And it was just a couple of years later when Ronald Reagan. sold Iran missiles and using the Israelis as cutouts. to do so when he switched sides temporarily. in the Iran/Iraq war. And so that's just, and that was in 1983. If Ronald Reagan can sell them missiles. a year or two years after that, three years after that, then surely the United States and the Ayatollah. can bury the hatchet from that. And no one's ever even, I don't believe ever really proven. that Tehran ordered that. It was a Shiite militia backed by Iran.

that sort of proto Hezbollah that did that attack, that killed those marines. And if there's some responsibility for then damn them, like if there's direct responsibility for that, not just their support for the group, then damn them for that. But that's still no reason in the world. to say that we can't get along with them now. When that was in the same year. "Return of the Jedi," came out, okay? And then the other one, and this is always referred to, you'll see this on TV news today. Anyone watching this turn on TV news. and you'll hear them say Iran killed 600 Americans.

in Iraq War II, but that's a lie. There was a gigantic propaganda campaign by Dick Cheney, and his co-conspirators, David Petraeus. and Michael Gordon of "The New York Times,". now at "The Wall Street Journal," where they lied. and lied like the devil for about five to six months. in early 2007. That every time a Shiite set off a roadside bomb, these new improved copper cord enhanced... They're called EFPS, explosively formed penetrators.

Now anytime that happened, Iran did it. Which is what George Bush called shorthanding it. Yeah, in other words, just implying the lie, what they're saying is Iran backed Muqtada al-Sadr, and America attacked Muqtada al-Sadr. who actually they were fighting the whole war for him. He remains a powerful king maker. in that country to this day. He's part of the United Iraqi Alliance. And in fact, as long as we're taking a long form here, he was the least Iran tied of the three major factions. in the United Iraqi Alliance in Iraq War II.

The other two major factions were Dawa, and the Supreme Islamic Council. And they had been living in Iran for the last 20 years. They're the ones who came and took over Baghdad. Muqtada al-Sadr was a Shiite and close to Iran, but he is also an Iraqi nationalist. And at times he allied with the Sunnis. and tried to limit American and Iranian influence. in the country. Was more of Arab and Iraqi nationalist. And the Americans decided they hated him the most, not 'cause he was the most Irantide. but because he was willing to tell us.

and them to get the hell out. And America was betting that if we backed the same parties. that Iran backed in Iraq War II, that they would eventually end up needing our money. and guns more than they would need their Iranian friends. and co-religionists and sponsors next door. Which of course did not work out. America's had minimal influence. in super majority Shiite Iraq ever since the end. of Iraq War II. And we can get back later in the show. to how Israel helped lie us into that horrific war as well. But the fact of the matter is it was not Iranians.

setting off those bombs and it was not even Iranians. making those bombs. And I show in my book "Enough Already.". I have a solid dozen sources-. - "Enough Already.". - Thank you, I have a solid dozen sources. including Michael Gordon's own colleague Alyssa Rubin. at "The New York Times," and many others. Where they found these bomb factories in Shiite, Iraq. They were being made by Shiite Arab Iraqis. And when David Petraeus. was going to have a big press conference,

and they laid out all the components, all the reporters gathered around. and they started noticing that the components. said made in UAE, made in Haditha, that is Iraq. In other words, there was no evidence whatsoever. that these came from Iran. And then they called off the press conference, and Stephen Hadley, George Bush's second National Security Advisor. admitted that yeah, we didn't have the evidence. that we needed to present that. And I also quote too, one marine. and one high level army intelligence officer in there.

who were deeply involved in Iraq War. reconfirming that there was never any evidence. that these bombs were coming across from Iran. or especially that then even if they were, that that was at the direction of the Quds force. or the Ayatollah. This was all just a propaganda campaign because Dick Cheney. and David Petraeus were trying to give George Bush. a reason to hit IRGC bases and start the war in 2007. And this sounds crazy, but there's like four major confirming sources for it.

Dick Cheney's national security advisor, David Wurmser, who was the author of the "Clean Brake Strategy,". which we're going to talk about today. David Wurmser, in 2007 was saying, we wanna work with the Israelis to start the war with Iran. to force George Bush to do an end run around George Bush. and force him into the war. And that was reported originally. by Stephen Clemens in the Washington Note, but it was later confirmed in "The New York Times,". and by "The Washington Post," reporter Barton Gellman, in his book "Angler," on Dick Cheney. That there was this huge...

This was the end that they were going for. Was they were trying so hard to force a war in 2007. And it was the commander of CENTCOM, Admiral Fallon, who said, over my dead body, we are not doing this. And then a few months later. the National Intelligence Council put out their NIE, saying that there is no nuclear weapons program at all. And W. Bush complained in his memoir Lex, that in his story it's the Saudi king, his Royal Highness Abdullah rather than Ehud Olmert. But he's saying, I'm sorry your highness, this majesty,

I can't attack Iran's nuclear program. 'cause my own intelligence agency. says they don't have a military program. So how am I supposed to start a war with him. when my own intelligence agencies say that? This is what Donald Trump just did, started anyway, Had his man Rubio say, well screw the intelligence. I don't care what it says. we can just do this if we want to. - So first lemme say on the cover of "Enough Already,". "Devastating," Danielle Ellsberg. "Outstanding," Daniel L. Davis. "Essential," Ron Paul. You are respected by a very large number of people.

You have decades of experience in this. same thing with Mark, extremely respected. by a very large number of people, experts. There's a lot of disagreements here. and we're going to unfortunately. leave a lot of the disagreements on the table. for the aforementioned nuclear scientist. to deconstruct later. So let's not like try to... Every single claim does not have to be perfectly refutable. Let's just leave it on the table. the statements as they stand. And let's try to also find things we kind of agree on. and try, I know this might be difficult,

but to steel man the other side. That's the thing I would love to ask you. Maybe give Mark a chance to speak a little bit, but to try to, for both of you. to try to steel man on the other side. So people who are concerned about. Iran developing a nuclear program. Can you steel man in that case. And the same, the people who are-. - I think I did in my opening statement quite frankly. I don't carry any brief for the Ayatollah, I'm a Texan. I don't give a damn about what some Shiite deocrat. says about nothing, right?

My interest is the people of this country. and its future and what's true. And so I don't mind telling you, even though the Iranians never said we are building. a latent nuclear weapons capability, that's clearly what they're doing. is showing that they can make a nuke. So don't make me make a nuke. That has been their position. Their position has not been, I'm making a nuke so I can wipe Israel off the map. Their position has been, look, if you guys don't attack us, we could just keep this civilian program the way it is. And again, there's this always the implication.

that they're just building up this uranium stockpile. But no they're not. That was in reaction to one, Donald Trump leaving the deal in 2018, two, the assassination in December of 2020. of the Iranian nuclear scientist, Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, or however you say that. And then in April of '21, the sabotage at Natanz. And there's a Reuters story that says, right after they sabotage Natanz, that's when the Ayatollah decided let's enrich up to 60%, which why stop 30% short of 90% 235.

It's because they're not even making a threat. They're making like the most latent up threat, a bargaining chip to negotiate away. They're trying to put pressure on the United States. to come back to the table. That's not the same as racing to the bomb. That's why Marco Rubio says, nevermind the intelligence. 'Cause the intelligence says what I just said. - Yeah, point made. Let's try if possible to keep it to like a minute and two, go back and forth. - That said, you know, the problem is we're talking about. nuclear stuff, which is all very complicated.

and most people don't know much about it, which is what the war party is relying on, that people just hear nuclear afraid and mushroom cloud. and give the benefit of the doubt to the hawks. And so we gotta get into the details of this stuff. - Details 100%. But I like the tension between two people. with different perspectives exploring those details. And the more we can go back and forth, the better. And there's a lot of disagreement on the table. I personally enjoy learning from the disagreement, I think-. - That was a very long list of claims that he made though,

where I felt like I had to go down the list. as much as I could, because it's a lot. - I think you addressed like maybe one or two claims. and it took 15 minutes. So that's why I'm just commenting on. - Okay, that's fair. - Let's do one at a time. I like the tension of the debate. of back and forth that's all. Mark, do you wanna comment on stuff a little bit here? Pick whichever topic you wanna go with here. - Yeah, there's a lot there. So just a couple things I think. that are worth your viewers knowing. 'Cause Scott's right, I mean the nuclear physics is complicated. and it's also important.

So the Iranians have assembled about the way say about. 15 to 17 bombs worth of 60% enrich uranium. And I think it's always important for your listeners. to understand what does this all mean? Enriched to 3.67% to 20% to 60%, and then to 90% weapons grade uranium. Like what does this actual process mean? First of all, obviously enriched uranium is a key capability. to develop a nuclear weapon. It can also be used for other purposes, civilian purposes and research purposes.

You can use it to power nuclear submarine. So let's just, if you don't mind. if I could just break it down. - Yeah, that's fascinating. Yes. - Yeah, I think it's again, important just to understand the sort of basics. before we jump into the allegations. and claims and counterclaims. So if you're gonna enrich to 3.67% enriched uranium, that's for civilian nuclear power, right? But when you do that, you've basically 70% of what you need. to get to weapons grade, right? So you've done all the steps, 70% of the steps in order to get to weapons grade uranium.

If you enrich to 20%, you are now at 90% of what you need. to get to weapons grade uranium. Now why would you need 20%? You may need it for something like. a research reactor, right? - [Scott] Medical isotopes. - Correct, Iran has a Tehran research reactor. for medical isotopes. By the way, you can buy those isotopes. from abroad or you can produce them at home. If you're gonna enrich to 60%, right? Then you've done 99% of what you need.

to get to weapons grade uranium. And then 90% is quote weapons grade uranium. By the way, you can use 60%. to actually deliver a crude nuclear device. That has been done in the past. But you wanna get to quote 90%, that's weapons grade uranium as Scott's defining it. But just again, to clarify, these huge stockpiles. of 60% that Iran has accumulated, right? This 16, 17 bombs worth of 60%. is 99% of what they need for weapons grade.

So I just wanted to explain that. - Yeah, but when you say, you're saying if you include the mining, the refining of the ore into yellow cake, the transformation of that into uranium hexafluoride gas, the driving of it in a truck over to the centrifuge. and then spinning it, this is where we get this 90% number from, right? In place of 90% enriched uranium or 80% uranium. is 90% of the way on some chart. that includes picking up a shovel.

and beginning to mine, right? - Like, so again, just to clarify, I just think it's important to understand the definition. of terms, once you have 60% enriched uranium, you've done 99% of all the steps, including some of the steps that Scott's talking about. You've done 99% of what you need. to have weapons grade uranium. - [Scott] that's just meaningless. - Why is that meaningless? - Well, as I've already established numerous times here, under the JCPOA, they shipped out every bit. of their enriched uranium stockpile, the French turned it into fuel rods.

and then shipped it back. That's the deal they're trying to get the US back into. And were obviously clearly willing to do, and again, the only reason they were enriching up to 60%. was to put the pressure on the Americans to go ahead. and get back into the deal. And bad bet it gave them an excuse to bomb based on the idea. that people are gonna listen to him, pretend that somehow. that's 99% of the way to the bomb when you're including, yeah, driving to the mine and mining it. and converting it to yellow cake and all these other things. - I mean, if you're gonna have a deliverable nuclear weapon.

so you need the weapons grade uranium, and just to repeat, they have multiple bombs worth. of the 60% enriched uranium, which again is 99%. of the steps you need to take for weapons grade. So they're very close to weapons grade. It's that's 1% more that they need to do. to enrich to weapons grade. The second aspect of a deliverable nuclear weapon. is obviously the delivery vehicle. And those are the missiles. And according to the DNI. and other, I mean credible sources, Iran has got the largest missile inventory.

in the Middle East, 30,00 missiles before the war began. And at least the ballistic missile is 2,000. capable of reaching Israel. So there's no doubt that Iran has the ability, once they have a weapons grade uranium and the warhead. to affix that to a missile and deliver that. Certainly to hit Israel, hit our Gulf neighbors, hit Southern Europe. They also have a active. Intercontinental Ballistic Missile Program, an ICBM program, which ultimately is designed not to hit the Israelis.

or the gulfies, but to hit deeper into Europe. and ultimately to target the United States. So let's just to understand the missile program, I think it's an important part of it. The third leg of the stool, and Scott has already alluded to this, and we've had some debate on this. and I think we should talk about it. What it really means in detail, is you've gotta develop a warhead, right? Or a crude nuclear device. And according to estimates from both US government sources. and nuclear experts, it would take about four to six months.

for Iran to develop a crude nuclear device, right? This is something that you wouldn't use a missile. to deliver, but you would use a plane or a ship. And it would take somewhere in the neighborhood. of about a year and a half to deliver. or to develop a warhead, and that's to affix to the missile. So sort of the three legs of the nuclear stool, right? The weapons grade uranium, the missiles to deliver it and the warhead. So I just wanna sort of define terms.

so that when we're having this big debate, your listeners kind of understand, what we're talking about. - If I can jump in here on this point too, and I'll turn it back over to you, but I actually have a bit of a correction to make. for anyone who's seen me on Pierce Morgan, or Saagar and Krysta, I actually oversimplified and made a mistake. I've been off of the Iran nuclear beat. for a little while doing other things. And so I'd like to take this opportunity to clarify, and I'm gonna try to clarify with them on their shows too, was I have an old friend of mine used to make nuclear bombs,

Gordon Prather, and I only just found out. that he died two years ago. Unfortunately, he used to write for us at antiwar.com. and was a brilliant nuclear physicist and H bomb developer. And he had really taught me all about this stuff. And so I'm not correcting anything you said, what he said essentially is right, I'll maybe add a little more detail. The easiest kind of nuke to make outta uranium. is a simple gun type nuke. Like they dropped on Hiroshima, it was Little Boy. It's essentially a shotgun firing a uranium slug.

into a uranium target. And that's enough. They didn't even test it. They knew it'd work. It was so easy to do. To do the Hiroshima bomb. The Nagasaki bomb was a plutonium implosion bomb. It's virtually always plutonium. that's used in implosion bombs. and in miniaturized nuclear warheads. that can be married to missiles, right? As opposed to a bomb you can drop out of the belly. of a plane, that's what he was saying, right? So gun type nuke, you can't put that on a missile. That is by far the easiest kind of nuclear weapon.

for Iran to make if they broke out and made one, right? But it'd essentially be useless to them, right? What are they gonna do? Drive it to Israel in a flatbed truck? They got no way to deliver that. - [Lex] So they could drop it as a bomb? - Yeah, they could test it in the desert. and beat their chest, but essentially that that's all they could do. - [Mark] Or you could drop it from a plane like we did. as Scott said in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. - Yeah, well, very slim chance of Iranian heavy bombers. getting through Israeli airspace but anyway. But to make an implosion bomb,

they would have to do years worth of experiments. unless the Chinese or the Russians just gave them. the software or gave them the finished blueprints. or something, which is no indication of that whatsoever. The only people gave them blueprints for a nuclear bomb. was the CIA, remember Operation Merlin? Where they just changed one little thing. and gave them nuclear bomb blueprints. But the Iranians didn't take the bait. - The blueprints were given. Just to clarify, it's just interesting. just in the terms of the history of proliferation. So Iran's initial nuclear program, right? Which is built on centrifuge.

as Scott and I have been talking about, that was actually given... The designs of that were given to them by A.Q. Khan, who was really the father of the Pakistani nuclear program. And he actually stole those designs. from the Dutch and handed it to the Iranians. He also handed it to the North Koreans. and the Libyans and others. So they were able to illicitly acquire this technology. or at least the blueprints for this technology. from the father of the Pakistani bomb. So I think that's an interesting point, but if you...

If you don't mind. - But as I said earlier, because Bill Clinton clamped down. on the Chinese and wouldn't let them sell. or anyone else wouldn't let them sell. on light water reactors. So then they went to A.Q. Khan, and bought the stuff on the black market. - Yeah, and they obviously bought heavy water reactors. from the Russians, which they've been using for electricity. I wanna just get to the second thing, I think it's just important for listeners to know, and then I wanna get to JCPOA. - I was in the middle of saying though, when you're trying to make a uranium implosion bomb. or a plutonium implosion bomb, it's a much more difficult task. than putting together a gun type nuke.

Takes an extraordinary amount of testing. And that's why he repeated probably unknowingly. some false propaganda about Iran. having this advanced testing facility. I think he was implying, correct me if I'm wrong, I'm pretty sure you're implying at Parchin, that they were testing these implosion systems. But that's completely debunked, it's completely false. What they were testing, what they were doing at Parchin. with that implosion chamber was making nano diamonds. And the scientists in charge of it was Ukrainian, who had studied in the Soviet Union. at this military university where they said,

oh, see, they studied nuclear stuff there, but that wasn't his specialty. His name is Danilenko. And he was a specialist in making nano diamonds. And that facility was vouched by Robert Kelly, in the "Christian Science Monitor,". told Scott Peterson of the "Christian Science Monitor,". that that stuff was nonsense. That that facility, that implosion chamber. could not be used for testing an implosion system. for nuclear weapons. And I know from Dr. Prather telling me, that when the Americans were doing this,

and the Russians too, that they tested all their implosion systems. outside and you have to do it over and over. and over again with lead instead of uranium in the core. And then you take all this high speed x-ray film. of the thing and it's this huge and drawn out. an incredibly complicated engineering process. And this is probably why the week before the war, the CIA said, not only do we think. that they're a year away from having enough nuclear material. to make one bomb, we think they're three years away. from having a finished warhead. That must have been assuming that they would try to make.

an implosion system that you could put on, in other words, miniaturize. and put on a missile as opposed to in other words, skipping a gun type nuke that would be useless to them. So it's very important to understand then. that if they have a uranium route to the bomb, if they withdraw from the treaty. and kick out the IAEA inspectors. and announce that now we're making nuclear bombs, they can either one race to a gun type nuke. that's essentially useless to them. Or they can take their ponderous ass time.

trying to figure out how to make an implosion system work. - First of all, I'm glad Scott knows about what's going on. at Parchin 'cause the IAEA doesn't, and they've been asking the Iranians-. - That's not true, the Iranians told the IAEA. you can inspect any five outta 10 facilities here, carte blanche, go ahead, and they did and found nothing. Then they made up the lies. about the implosion chamber later. And the IAEA again, Robert Kelly is the American IAEA guy, debunked that in the "Christian Science Monitor.". - Alright, so I wanna just, again,

just put it out there for your listeners. They should just Google AMAD, A-M-A-D Program. And they should learn about the AMAD Program. because it's detailed in US government documents. Experts in Iran's nuclear program, including David Albright, who actually saw the archive, went in there, wrote a whole book on it. And there's a lot of detail about how Iran. had an active nuclear weapons program called AMAD, to build five nuclear weapons. But I wanna get to the JCPA. 'cause I actually think that's an interesting discussion.

for Scott and I to have, because I think there's things that we agree on there. and things that we disagree on, right? So this is a 2015 nuclear deal that Obama reaches, it's negotiated painstakingly over two years, between 2013 and 2015. And it follows the interim agreement. that the United States negotiated with Iran. And it's in that interim agreement in 2013. where the United States for the first time. actually gives Iran the right to enrich uranium. There were five UN Security Council resolutions passed. with the support of Russia and China.

that said Iran should have no enrichment capability. and no plutonium reprocessing capability. 'cause of the fears. that Iran would turn that into a nuclear weapons program. But in 2013, they give that up. 2015, we reached the JCPOA. And under the JCPOA Iran is allowed to retain. enrichment capability and reprocessing capability. But over time, so Scott mentioned these sunsets. and just want your listeners to understand. what the sunsets are. Essentially the restrictions that are placed. on Iran's nuclear program, right? And there's some really serious restrictions.

placed on it, especially in the short term. Scott's right, the enriched material. It has to be shipped out not to the French, but to the Russians. And there's restrictions on Iran's ability. to operate these facilities at Natanz and Fordo, they're not closed, they still remain open, but there restrictions on what they can do with it. There's also restrictions on Iran's ability. to test and install advanced centrifuges. Now, the reason you'd want an advanced centrifuge, rather than the first generation centrifuge.

that A.Q. Khan, the father of Pakistan's nuclear bomb. gave to the Iranians is you need a smaller number. of these centrifuges to produce weapons grade uranium. If it's smaller, like it's easier to hide, right? You can put it in clandestine facilities. without this large enrichment centrifuge footprint. So there's restrictions on these advanced centrifuge R&D. And Iran gets significant sanctions relief as part of this. But the whole assumption here. from both an Iranian and American perspective.

is these restrictions are gonna sunset. They're gonna disappear over time. In fact, 2025 is the year. where some of the significant restrictions. on Iran's capabilities begin to sunset. And all of them are effectively gone by 2031, right? So in 2031, Iran can emerge. with an industrial size enrichment capability. They can emerge with advanced centrifuges. that they can install in as many enrichment facilities. as they want to build. And Iran can enrich to higher and higher levels.

So they can go from 3.67 to 20%, they can go to 60%. There's nothing in the JCPOA that actually prohibits them. from going to 90% enriched uranium. And I think at the time, the Obama administration's theory. of the case was, yeah, sure in 15 years time, but in 15 years time we'll be gone. Hopefully there'll be a different government in Iran, and maybe we can renegotiate a different agreement. with that government that will extend the sunsets. So that the JCPOA.

The reason that critics of the JCPOA, and I was one of them, we objected to the deal, is not because it didn't have some short term. temporary restrictions that were useful, but that if you got it wrong, and there was the same regime. and power in 15 years, that regime could emerge. with this huge nuclear program with the capabilities. to develop nuclear weapons in these multiple hardened sites. Iran, we estimated would have a trillion dollars. in sanctions relief over that 15 year period.

And if you got it wrong that it was the same regime in power. as had been in power in 2015, then you had some difficulties, okay? I just wanted to lay out the case against the JCPOA. Now to steel man Scott's argument, right? And I think there's a legitimate argument. because I actually didn't support the withdrawal. from the agreement. President Trump withdrew in 2018. I did a similar version of what Scott was suggesting, was I thought that the United States should negotiate. with the Europeans, the French, the Germans and the UK,

who are part of the original deal, extend the sunsets. as an agreement between the United States and Europe, and then collectively go to the Iranians. and say, let's renegotiate this agreement. to extend the sunsets. If you don't want a nuclear weapons program, then you should agree. that you don't need these capabilities. And let's extend the sunsets for another 15, 20, 30 years. President Trump-. - Somebody gimme a screenshot of this. Gimme a pound dude. - There we go. (Lex laughs). - [Lex] Agreement. There we go. - That's fine. - [Lex] That makes my heart.

feel so good. - And I think. the Ayatollah would've gone for it too. - Well, I'm not sure if he would've, but let's just a little bit of history. I think it's just useful for the viewers to know, again, the context, especially when Scott and I agree. - [Lex] Yeah. - So a process was begun. - [Lex] I'm loving so much-. - By the Trump administration. Trump appointed Brian Hook, or Secretary Pompeo actually appointed Brian Hook, who's the lead Iran envoy. And he began a process of talking to the Europeans. Now the Europeans actually rejected this idea. And so at some point Trump said, look, if the Europeans aren't prepared to get on side,

then I'm out of the deal. I'm out of the deal. And if you're interested, I can talk about why. I thought we should have stayed in the deal. 'Cause it thought you gave us some important restrictions. in the short term, certain leverage. But Trump decides to withdraw from that agreement. because he recognizes that the fatal flaw of the agreement, or the fatal flaws of the agreement are one, giving them any enrichment capability, especially at an industrial size within 15 years. And two, are these sunsets, as Scott said, under which these restrictions are gonna go away.

and Iran's gonna end up with a massive nuclear program. So I think that's just important. We can talk about the JCPOA, the process and everything else if you're interested. - I'd like to go ahead and quickly accuse the FBI. and the CIA of framing Trump for treason with Russia. and pushing the Russiagate hoax. I'm trying to agree with my friend here, because what it is, is that completely ruined Donald Trump's ability. to engage in real diplomacy with Russia. for his entire first term. Certainly for the first three years of it, he was completely handcuffed.

It was terrible as I'm sure you're well aware for the future. now our past and current history of Ukraine, as well as for this deal too, why couldn't Trump pick up the phone? I don't know the details here, but I'll take his word for it. That the British and the French. and the Germans weren't being nice to Trump. They didn't like him. They didn't wanna do it. Why couldn't he pick up the phone. and say, Hey, Putin, I need you to call the Ayatollah for me. and tell him, hey, you'd like to see him. lift these sunsets too and this and that.

Why? Because they framed him for treason. So he was completely unable. to engage in real diplomacy with Russia. And I bet that he'd agree with me on that one too. - So next, actually, can I just say one thing interesting. And again, I think it's gonna be a later topic, and so it's gonna be a provocative statement, but I think let's put it on the table. I absolutely agree with Scott. I mean, I think it was a travesty that. of the accusations against Donald Trump. as a Russian agent, I mean, completely debunked,

but it I think it paralyzed his presidency. for two and a half years. I agree with Scott. The idea that you would accuse. the president of the United States, of being a foreign agent. for Vladimir Putin, I think is unfounded. And I thought at the time, disgraceful. and I thought it was really important. I think Scott did really good work in debunking that. I would say that just a couple days ago, I was watching a podcast, Scott was on, and he accused Trump of being an agent for Netanyahu.

and the Israeli government. So I think, again, the accusations. of the President of the United States as a foreign agent. for some foreign government, I think we should just put all of that aside. in any discussion. and just say, President Trump makes his own decisions. whether we agree with him or agree with them. But he is not working for the FSB. and he is not working for Mossad. President Trump makes his own decisions. based on American national security. - Now I was making a point, that's hyperbole making a point. But he did. In fact, could you Google this for me? 'Cause I always forget exactly how many hundreds of millions.

of dollars that he took from Sheldon Adelson. and Miriam Adelson. - [Mark] Who are Americans by the way, - Who are Americans, who Sheldon Adelson said. his only regret in life is that he served. in the American army instead of the IDF. and said America should nuke Iran. in order to get them to give up their nuclear weapons. He said, I have one issue, one, Israel. And they gave Trump hundreds of millions of dollars. over three campaigns. That's not just a geez, I really hope you'll think of me. in the future. - Scott, first of all, a couple things. So one, there's a lot of people that are friends with Trump.

and try to gain influence. I believe that Trump as an American. is making his own decisions. Let's, for the purpose of this conversation, just focus on that and see what are the right decisions. and what are the wrong decisions. And maybe-. - I wonder what decisions I could get you. to make if I gave you hundreds of millions of dollars. - Well, me personally, you couldn't give me any. it doesn't matter. - I couldn't get you to drop in on (indistinct). or nothing for a hundred million bucks. - Nothing, you cannot control my decisions with money. - It's the American system, Lex. That's how it works.

It's money. - [Lex] I appreciate that. We can go down that route-. - It's the same if we're talking about. Archer Daniels Midland Company throwing hundreds of millions. of dollars around. They get policies. based on their hundreds of millions of dollars. The squeaky wheel gets the grease, right? And All that. - So Lex, I think you're right. I mean, I think Elon Musk spend, what, $400 million helping Trump get elected. And obviously there are a number of philanthropists. I think clearly his son Don Jr. has had a lot of influence in who gets elected. in these positions in the Pentagon, NSC, and Tucker Carlson has had a lot of influence.

So I think as you say, he surrounds himself with people. who have certain ideas, ideologies, policies. The President makes his own decisions. I just wanna touch on just one thing. 'Cause I don't wanna leave this alone just outta respect. for the victims of Iran backed terrorism. and hostage taking and assassinations since 1979. You know, this is the regime that took hostages in '79, took our diplomats hostage. Scott says, you know, '83 was really the only thing.

that happened, and throws out a lot of information, certainly some pretty breathtaking accusations. that somehow the Israelis knew about this. and didn't tell the Americans. - [Scott] It's a assault officer's accusation. Victor Ostrosky is his name. - Yeah, I know exactly who he is. And he has been widely discredited. and having an ax to grind with Mossad. But anyway, not only '83, but all through the '90's the two 2000s, 2010s, 2020s, there have been hundreds of attacks of assassinations,

of hostage taking. There are thousands Americans who have been killed. and maimed by the regime. - [Scott] Can you be specific what you're talking about? - Yeah, I mean, I can give you a whole list. - [Scott] Sure. - [Mark] Literally. I'm happy to pull it up. Lex, I shared it with you. It's a long list of attacks. all through the '80s and '90s. - [Lex] Oh yeah you sent me a link. - [Mark] I mean, everything from the, you know, Khobar Towers. - [Scott] The Khobar Towers was Al-Qaeda. That was Osama Bin Laden.

and Khalid Sheikh Mohammed did that. - [Lex] Yeah, let him lay it out. - [Scott] All right, let's hear them. I got my pen in my hand. Go ahead. - And again, according to US intelligence findings, it was actually Hezbollah. that worked with Al-Qaeda trained Al-Qaeda. in that attack in the Khobar Towers. They were kidnapping our diplomats in Beirut. They launched attacks against our soldiers while in Iraq. The notion that somehow- - [Scott] No I debunked that. - No, I don't think, well, you say you debunked it.

You just made your claim. But those were Iran backed militias. backed by Qasem Soleimani who Scott referred to, who was the commander of the IRGC Quds Force. Who supplied them with those IEDs. or those EFPS actually, those explosive... Well, okay, again, this has been all confirmed by-. - Why don't you search Alyssa Rubin, New York Times, EFP factory, or you can look in the "Christian Science Monitor,". for Operation Eagle Claw. Where they found these things.

It's easy to find in my book, you can flip right to soda straws and EFPs. and you see where I have all my citations. for the solid dozen American newspaper reporters. who were embedded with American soldiers. who found these factories in Iraqi Shaitan okay? With Iraqi Arabs working the machines, not Iran. So I'd like your viewers to Google. not just a couple of sources, but actually Google the US government reports.

that did a whole after action report on the Iraq War. All the mistakes were made in the Iraq war, and there were legion of mistakes made. But it was very clear that Iran had actually provided. the technology, the training, the funding, for these Iran backed militias to kill Americans. I mean, I could see Scott, let me steel-. - Method from Lebanese, Hezbollah. that got it from the IRA. They didn't even get the technique. from the Iranians at all. - Yeah, so Lebanese, Hezbollah, as I'm sure all your listeners know, has been trained finance.

- [Scott] That's true. But they got it from-. - And supported by Iran-. - [Scott] The copper core bomb. - And that design did not come from Persia. - Yeah, so again, I think we all admit, Scott admits as well. that Hezbollah was trained, financed, and supported by Iran. Hezbollah has been responsible for many. of these terrorist attacks. - [Scott] Where does Hezbollah come from? It's a reaction to the Israeli invasion of Lebanon. where they went after the PLO. and horribly mistreated the poor local Iraqi Shiites. until they rose up and created these militias. to fight in self-defense. That's where Hezbollah comes from. - Hezbollah was actually created by the IRGC. before the Israeli invasion.

- The CIA been laden you, Michael Sawyer says it was Osama bin Laden, and Khalid Sheikh Mohammed. that did the Khobar Towers attack. And who did they kill? They killed 19 American airmen who were stationed there. to bomb Iraq from bases in Saudi Arabia. under the Israeli insisted upon dual containment policy. of Bill Clinton. - [Mark] What's amazing was Scott. - That came from Yitzhak Shamir, who had sent his man Martin Indyk. to work for Bill Clinton, and push the dual containment policy. is where that comes from in the first place, so the main reason Al-Qaeda turned against.

the United States and the Khobar Towers attack. was Bin Laden. And he bragged about it himself to Abdel Bari Atwan, the reporter from "Al-Quds Al-Arabi," in London, and spent days with him and bragged all about it, and blessed the martyrs and the rest of that. And is widely discredited. the claim that it was Iranian backed Shiite Hezbollah. that did the Khobar Towers attack. That was what the Saudi government told the US. In fact, there's a great documentary about John O'Neill,

who was the head of FBI counter-terrorism, who told Louis Freeh, "Boss, the Saudis are blowing smoke up your ass. about this Hezbollah thing. It was Al-Qaeda that did it.". And then Louis Freeh got all upset. 'cause he used the A word, he was a very conservative Catholic guy, Louis Freeh, and then refused to listen to another word. from John O'Neill about it. - So what we know now from Scott, 'cause he's given certainly a lot of context. to how he actually sees things is, here's who lies to you and here's who doesn't.

US government lies to you. Israeli government lies to you. The Israelis clearly lie to you. Mendacious bunch, Saudis lie to you, you know, but you know who doesn't lie to you actually? Hezbollah doesn't lie to you. Al-Qaeda doesn't lie to you. - [Scott] I didn't cite Al-Qaeda or the-. - And the Ayatollah. - I cited Osama himself. - And the Ayatollah of Iran-. - [Scott] I cited Michael Scheuer, the chief of the CIA's bin Laden unit. - So make it clear here, the Iranian-. - [Scott] That's the same as trusting Hezbollah. - The Iranians. - [Scott] Did you get that? - Scott, straight up. I hear you. But you're interrupting.

And like please, just, honestly, it's not about the content, but like, honestly, - How come you're not saying to him? Isn't that weird that you just said he trusts Hezbollah, even though he didn't say anything about trusting Hezbollah? I'm not calling out the content. I'm calling out the interruptions. He hasn't interrupted you. It's great. And I'm loving the back and forth, it's great. But just a little less talking over each other, that's all. - Yeah, so I mean, again, the sort of view. of the regime in Iran, and I think Scott wisely said. at the beginning of this discussion, like, what did you say? I don't have any love for the Ayatollah. I'm a Texan.

I don't have any love for the Ayatollah in Iran. And yet, despite the fact Scott. doesn't have love for the Ayatollah, and I agree with him, and I think he's being sincere. In every discussion that we've had on every topic. It's always about everyone's lying. except the Ayatollah in Iran. He's not lying about having a nuclear weapons program. He didn't actually support. all of these terrorist organizations that he founded, financed, and supported to kill Americans. It wasn't the Ayatollah in Iran. He's not lying about his deception campaign.

against the United States. He's not lying about negotiations with the Americans. It's the American's fault all the time. So he's presented all the time in Scott's conception here, as a sincere actor who doesn't wanna develop. nuclear weapons, who doesn't actually wanna kill Americans. He's just always a victim of American. and Israeli aggression. I think it's an interesting conception. I think let's talk about it. And I mean, I'm fascinated by the conception.

because it's very contrary to mine, obviously. It's very contrary to I think, decades of overwhelming evidence. that the Islamic Republic has been at war. with the United States since 1979. And you know, I don't take too much stock. in what people say, I take stock in what they do. So, you know, death to America, death to Israel could just be a slogan. It could be just propaganda. But when it's actually operationalized, then you start to ask, well, maybe it's not just propaganda.

Maybe it's intention operationalized into capabilities. You know, we're forgetting here, and again, it's this causal relationship. It's we aggress against Iran. and the Israelis aggress against Iran. And Iran is always reacting. I mean, let's give the Iranians their due, because Khomeini made it very clear when he established. the Islamic Republic that they will be a revolutionary. and expansionist regime. And they will expand their power through the Middle East. And so he built, and to his credit, was very successful until October 7th.

This axis of resistance, as he calls it, which are these terror proxy armies, Hezbollah, Hamas, Palestinian Islamic Jihad, the Iraqi Shiite militias, the Houthis in Yemen, right? And certainly supporting the Assad regime in Syria. He Built A Very, Very Impressive. and deadly axis that he turned against the United States. and against Israel, which saw its culmination. on October 7th, I think after October 7th. That was a huge miscalculation for Khamenei. And we've seen the results of what's happened.

to his axis of resistance through quite devastating. Israeli military capabilities. over the past number of months. But he has an ideology. And I think where I agree with Scott, is I'm not sure if Khamenei would actually use. a nuclear weapon against Israel and the United States. 'Cause I don't think Khamenei is suicidal. But I think what Khamenei wants is he wants a nuclear weapon. as a backstop for his conventional power, right? It's very much the Kim Jong Un model of North Korea, right?

I'm gonna have nuclear weapons. with ICBMs to threaten America. But what I'm actually gonna do is threaten South Korea. with having massive conventional capabilities on the DMZ. that I could take South Korea in a week, I could destroy in a week. So you, the United States and South Korea. have no military option, that's Khamenei view. He can actually building up this massive ballistic missile. arsenal that he's unleashed in the past 12 days. that according to, again, the US and Israel. was gonna go from 2,000 to 6,000 to 20,000.

That from Khomeini's perspective, he didn't need to drop a nuclear bomb on Tel Aviv. What he needed to do was use the threat. of nuclear escalation, in order to use his conventional capabilities, his missiles, to destroy Tel Aviv. And you've already seen the damage. from just a few dozen ballistic missiles. getting through the kind of damage. that he's wrought on Tel Aviv already. That is the conception that Khamenei has. It's a revolutionary regime. It aggresses. And I do think it's interesting. and I think we should talk about it. - Actually, that's a good cue. - [Mark] Take a bath break.

- Let's take a bathroom break. Okay, we took a quick break and now Scott. - Yeah. Okay. So a few things there. First of all, on AMAD, the pre 2003 nuclear weapons research, the CIA estimate in 2007, concluded that all research had stopped in 2003. And Seymour Hersh reported that the reasoning behind that. was mainly that America had gotten rid of Saddam Hussein. for them.

Now in Gareth Porter's book "Manufactured Crisis,". he shows that the major conclusion that the DIA had made. that the Iranians were researching nuclear weapons, was based on some invoices that they had intercepted. for some dual use materials, some specialty magnets. and things that they thought, boy, this looks like this could be part. of a weaponization program, a secret program here. And you know, Gareth Porter, who's a really great critic. of all of these policies and claims, says, Hey, this was a good faith misunderstanding by DIA.

They were doing their job. But it turned out the IAEA later, when America gave them that information, the IAEA went and verified, oh, there's the magnet. and there's this and there's that. And all those dual use items actually were being used. for civilian purposes. And so then as Gareth writes in his book, the only real reason that the NIE said. that they even had a program before 2003. was essentially, 'cause they didn't want to dispute. their last mistaken conclusion. So they said, okay, well that was right up until then.

But that was when that changed. And then the other half of their reason for accepting. that there ever was a nuclear weapons research program. in the country before 2003 was the smoking laptop. And I'm sorry, I think I misspoke earlier. when I said that the laptop was in 2005, that was just "The Washington Post," story. that had a bunch of stuff about it. That was in 2003 as well, or 2004 possibly. So this was why the... But it was still all, again, forged by the Israelis.

and funneled through the MEK cult, but was obsolete essentially, and had nothing in it. At least the accusations in it weren't past '03. And so there's really no reason to believe. that there was actually a nuclear weapons research program. even before '03. Which then again, the National Intelligence Council. says ended in 2003 and hasn't been restored since then. - Can I ask you a question, not a comment by me, but a question, just from your perspective. So just so I understand this, so the nuclear archive,

this massive archive that the Israelis were able to take out. of Tehran, bring to the United States, bring to the IAEA, which is very detailed blueprints. - It's just the alleged studies documents again, It's the same stuff from the smoking laptop. - Yeah, so lemme just ask you, because it's huge. and it's very detailed and it shows clearly. that the Iran had an active nuclear weapons program, certainly until 2003. And then we can have a discussion about. what happened after that. Are you suggesting that that's all been forged by Israel?

- Yes, nothing in this smoking laptop held up-. - Not the laptop, but this entire archive. that they pulled out with sketch. - Well, see, you're thinking of like-. - Blueprints. - The big photo op do all the folders of documents. behind them and all. - I've seen it, I've seen. many of the documents. - How many pages. - [Mark] There's thousands of pages. I'm a asking, this is not what I'm claiming. Is that all forged by Israel? - Is that not all about the uranium tetrafluoride. and the warhead that David Albright debunked. and all the same claims. that were in the smoking laptop from the Bush years?

- David Albright actually wrote an entire book. It's a very detailed book your listeners should Google. It's David Albright on the archive where he goes in, he went in in detail and he confirms the information. in that archive that Iran had an active program. under something called AMAD to develop five atomic weapons. So again, you and I can debate this all day, - [Scott] But now this would've been before Natanz. was even dug and before single centrifuge. was spinning, right? - Forget all of that. - [Scott] I'm just making sure everybody understands, Assuming that was true,

we were talking about a piece of paper. But it's not a piece of paper. It's a massive archive. I'm just asking the question. You believe Mossad fabricated all of this as a lie. to deceive the United States, the IAEA. and international community? That's just my question. - My understanding is that there's nothing significant. in the 2018 archive. that was not already in the debunked claims. from the laptop. But my question is, is not that it's debunked, because we can argue about whether it was debunked or not, but are you saying that Mossad fabricated it?

That's what you're claiming. - Yeah, because the CIA admitted that there was no laptop. and Ollie Heinemann admitted-. - [Mark] Not the laptop. I'm not asking about the laptop. - He got from MEK and where did the MEK get it? The MEK got it from the Israelis. - Scott, I'm not asking about the laptop. I'm asking about this huge archive. that was sitting in a warehouse in Tehran full of-. - I don't know the truth behind those documents. I don't believe Israeli claims of what they were. and where they came from without, for example, reading Albright's book. and seeing what he has to say about all of that.

I don't take Netanyahu's claims. And okay, so what's so significant in there, you say that there's a document that has a plan. to make five bombs, but isn't the rest of the proof. the same, green salt experiments. and the warhead for the missile. that David Albright showed was obviously fake. because the warhead was purportedly being designed. for a missile that was now gonna have. an entirely different nose cone on it. - No, so David Albright, again, you know, we should bring David Albright here. - David Albright is a prominent physicist.

and nuclear proliferation expert. known for his detailed research and publication. on nuclear weapons. He has a bunch of books "Peddling peril,". "Iran's Perilous Pursuit of Nuclear Weapons.". "Plutonium and highly enriched uranium 1996, " and so on. - Yeah, so folks should read the book on the archive. 'Cause David had full access to the archive, all the detailed documents and blueprints. And he writes a book that, again, the conclusion. of which is Iran had an active nuclear weapons program.

- No, no, no, the conclusion of which. was they were researching it right before 2003. They had no nuclear material. to introduce into a single machine, right? Active program, meaning they had a piece. - No, they had already built a covert enrichment facility, which was only- - [Scott] No they hadn't. - It was disclosed. - Natanz was empty till the end of 2006, right? They didn't even start spinning centrifuge. in there until '06. - They'd gotten centrifuge for A.Q. Kahn. They'd built a deeply buried underground facility at Natanz. They were putting in place the component parts.

for a nuclear weapons capability. And AMAD showed conclusively, unless you believe Mossad fabricated it all, that they actually had the plan to build nuclear warheads. - Again, Seymour Hersh says that it was when-. - Well, Seymour Hersh is not a nuclear weapons expert. David Albright has, he saw the archive. - [Scott] Hirsch sources said-. - When American invaded Iraq. and overthrew Saddam Hussein for them. That was when they gave up, even considering the need for it. Remember the Iranians held a million man vigil.

for the Americans on September 11th. The Iranians hated the Taliban. In fact, the Americans thought Iran might invade Afghanistan. earlier in 2001 and they hated Saddam Hussein. So they had every reason in the world. to want to work with the United States. - Scott that's a distraction of my question to you, it's a distraction of my question here. Let's not go to Al-Qaeda, the Taliban and 9/11. and the Iranians and a million people. let's just stay on the topic. - You're asking me what I already answered. - Do you believe believe Mossad. fabricated that entire archive? - I already told you I don't take the word for anything.

and as far as I understand the accusations in there, are the same ones from the laptop. that are already discredited. And I haven't read David Albright's book, you're distracting from me refuting this giant list. of false claims that you made previously. that I haven't got a chance. - Let that's all agree. You're gonna read the book. Maybe Lex, you're gonna read the book. Viewers, you should read the book. I think David Albright has done a meticulous job. By the way, just warning, it's a big book, very detailed, hundreds of pages. And he goes through it in meticulous detail. in analyzing this archive. And showed again that Iran had an active.

nuclear weapons program designed to build. five atomic warheads. Now we can talk about what happened after 2003, and did they make the decision to totally stop it? - Yeah, God changed his mind. after the neoconservatives lied America into war with Iraq. for Ariel Sharon. - So just to clarify, you Mark and David Albright believed. that Iran was developing a nuclear weapon. And you, Scott are saying they were not before 2003. Just to summarize what we were just talking about.

- Well, I could tell you that, so Gareth's book came out in 2014, which is before this archive was supposedly revealed. in Tehran. But in Gareth's book he shows that the CIA. and national Intelligence estimate of 2007 that said. that there was a program before 2003 and was halted. after America invaded Iraq, was based on one, the DIA's mistaken. but sincere interpretation of these invoices.

for these dual use technologies. And then the smoking laptop, which was completely fake. and funneled into the stream. by the Mujahedin-e Khalq communist terrorist cult. The same people who've come off with, you know, 10 major hoaxes. The NCRI, they just put out... The NCRI, the National Council for Resistance in Iran. That's the MEK, they just put out a fake story, what, three, four weeks ago about a big secret. nuclear weapons site in Iran, don't you remember? And then nothing happened with that. 'cause it was another lie by the MEK. It happens all the time. - So Lex, maybe we should talk about what happened. after 2003?

What about this 2007 NIE, what does it mean? Did it mean Iran had now abandoned. its nuclear weapons program or did something else happen? - [Scott] They never had a nuclear weapons program. - Alright, but let's talk that out. Interesting-. - [Scott] According to NIE they had nuclear weapons. research program that never made anything at all. So you can try to conflate that if you want. but I think everybody can see what you do there. - That's not what the 2007 NIE says. But the 2007 NIE says is that, and you are correct, according to the 2007 NIE,

is Iran made the decision after the invasion of Iraq. not to pursue an active nuclear weapons program anymore. - Because we were putting their best friends in power. in Baghdad for them. - [Mark] Well, because the United States had gone in-. - So they didn't need to worry no more. - And in a matter of a 100 days, had taken down the Iraqi army. - And put in Abdul Aziz al-Hakim's faction, the Supreme Council for Islamic Revolution in Iraq. who'd been living in Iran for 20 years. - That's why you and I did not publicly support. the Iraq War, did we?

- I publicly opposed it. - [Mark] Good for you. - As far as I possibly-. - And I should have publicly opposed it. rather than just working on Iran in 2003. But you're right, it redounded to the benefit. of Iran, that invasion. But that's not actually what I'm talking about. What I'm talking about is a 100 days the Iranian Sea. that the US military has taken down the Iraqi army, that they had fought an eight year war with, where almost a million people, Scott, as you know, had been killed. So they were afraid that the United States. was gonna march from Baghdad to Tehran.

So they make a decision to end their active AMAD program. They make a decision to build up the key capabilities. they need to retain an Iranian nuclear weapons option, specifically the enrichment capabilities at Natanz, and then Fordo and at Iraq given them the plutonium route. And then what they do is they take the members. of the AMAD program, the nuclear weapons scientists. that have worked on this, and they disperse them.

So they're now no longer in a formal weapons program. They're put in a number of different research centers. and universities. And Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, who you mentioned earlier, who's in some respects, I wouldn't call him the Oppenheimer. of the Iranian nuclear weapons program. He's more like, was it. Who was in the "Oppenheimer," movie? Leslie Groves, the guy who was actually responsible. for the organization and the training and the recruitment. and the guy that actually ran the program.

as opposed to Oppenheimer the sort of brilliant. nuclear physicist, this is Fakhrizadeh. So Fakhrizadeh takes control of this program. And now it is dispersed and it is unstructured in that sense. because they recognize that if they continue with this, the United States may march to Tehran. And so the NIE says Iran is retaining the key capabilities, the enrichment capabilities. to give them an option for a nuclear weapon. But we the NIE have decided, or if we have concluded.

that they no longer have an active structured. nuclear weapons program. However, since then, what have we seen? We've seen them actually do. what many suspected they would do, which is build all the key capabilities that they need. so that at time of their choosing, they can decide. to develop a nuclear bomb. Whether it's a crude nuclear device you've described, whether it's a nuclear warhead. We've had that discussion so far, but sorry, just to finish. So just understand the brilliance.

of Iranian nuclear deception, right? I think it's really interesting to get in the minds. of the Ayatollah and understand this. because he doesn't wanna provoke the United States. He doesn't wanna see another Iraq style invasion. this time of his country. He's building this capability on the enrichment side. and on the reprocessing side, he's framing this. as I'm only building a civilian nuclear program. He's taken the weapons scientists who are building. part of an active nuclear weapons program.

and he's dispersing them, putting them under the guidance. and direction of Fakhrizadeh. And starting to build out these capabilities. I mean I have to say, I really admire the way. he's played this three dimensional nuclear chess game. It's very, very interesting. And I think he made a tragic mistake about six weeks ago. when he rejected the offer from Trump. at Oman and then provoked both an Israeli. and then an American strike. But he was playing this game almost perfectly before then.

in building out these capabilities. And I think what he should have done, if I were him, I would've waited out Trump. I would've waited three and a half years. I would've taken the offer in Oman, which gave him enrichment capability above ground. This consortium that was gonna be built. in three and a half years would never be built. And even if it was built, he could just say, I'm not interested anymore. and challenge the next president, whoever that is, Republican or Democrat, to do anything about it. And I think the political calculation should have been,

the next president's not gonna do anything about this. I'll be able to then be able to complete. my nuclear weapons program. But he challenged Trump. He thought Trump was a paper tiger. He rejected that offer at Oman. And we've seen what's happened. over the past couple weeks. - Two things. One, can you go and respond to certain things you heard? And two, can we generally move in the direction. of the modern day and try to see what is the right thing. now our analysis of the situation now,

we've been kind of staying in the context of history, which is really important, but sort of moving in forward. But yeah, go ahead please. - I'm not sure how much time we have, I've kind of hoped to talk about Israel's role. in Iraq War II. And for that matter in Barack Obama's dirty war in Syria. that led to the rise of the Bin Ladenites there. It's all part of America's Israel policy. So I would rather go back. before we go forward, but I also do, I need to go back over so many claims. that he's made here that I'd like to.

- So I strongly prefer we go, because there's so much history, we're gonna lose ourselves in it. There's not enough hours. We should take certain moments in history. that instruct the modern day, but let's not get lost there if it's okay? This is such a fascinating conversation. - [Scott] Although we talked about, you know, the JCPOA and the time between then and now, like quite a bit already too. So we'll be going back over some of that. - Well, no, I mean, modern day, I mean like this week. A lot of stuff happened this week.

and a lot of stuff will happen tomorrow and the next week. And everyone wants to know like what is going to happen, what is the worst case, what is the best case? Should we be freaking out? What do we need to understand about today that's all. - Alright, so there's a lot of things to address here. So first of all, something that me and Mr. Dubowitz. agree about. - Please call me Mark. - Mark, something that Mark and I agree about. is that there actually is not a threat. of an aggressive first strike by Iran. I'm a little surprised to hear him say that,

but I'm grateful to hear him say it, it is honest. I would, you know, advise you, you may be unfamiliar with this, but I can tell you anyone in America who drives for a living. and listens to AM radio have heard claims. that Iran was making nuclear weapons probably 50,000 times. in the last 25 years. Over and over and over again. We hear this propaganda. They still don't have a single atom bomb.

The reason why they haven't been able to cobble together. an atom bomb in this 1940s technology. is because they have not tried to, okay? So people can, you know, just essentially flog this dead horse, pretend there's this threat, oh, he's gonna break out any day now. But here's the thing about that. As the Ayatollah well knows, George W. Bush, Barack Obama, Donald Trump, Joe Biden, and now Trump again have all vowed with all sincerity.

that they would bomb Iran off the face of the earth. if they attempted to break out and make a nuclear weapon. Hillary Clinton, when she ran, said they'd be obliterated from the face of the earth. Barack Obama did an interview. with Jeffrey Goldberg in the "Atlantic," in 2012, called "As President, I don't bluff.". And essentially the interview is him begging. Jeffrey Goldberg to explain to the Israelis, that he really, really, really, really means it, that he's trying to negotiate. But if the Ayatollah breaks out for a nuke,

I'll nuke him if I have to. - [Mark] No, they never said that. - He didn't say that. But the implication was-. - No US president ever said they're gonna obliterate Iran. US presidents-. - [Scott] Hillary Clinton did. - All options are on the table. - Anyone can Google her word. - She was never our president. - [Scott] No, I said she was running for president. - Yeah, but she was never our president. But no US president ever said they'd obliterate Iran. Nobody ever said they would drop a nuke on Iran. - The implication was clear under W. Bush, Barack Obama, Trump, Biden, and Trump again. - [Mark] That they were strike Iran's nuclear facility. - If they broke out toward a nuclear weapon, America would do whatever it took to prevent.

that from happening, so. - [Mark] Strike their nuclear facilities. - That was always the case there. - But please clarify, just to be accurate. - [Scott] And I'm almost certain-. - No one's talking about nuking Iran. No one's talking about bombing Iran to smithereens. or obliterating or any of that. - [Scott] And that's really not true-. - I mean Barrack Obama changed America's nuclear posture. to say, 'cause it used to say, we reserve the right. to use a nuclear first strike against any country. And he changed that to say, no, we promise not to use a nuclear first strike.

against any non-nuclear weapon state except maybe Iran. - [Lex] Okay. - Okay. That's true. All right, and so in fact, that was the threat. And I got more here. Okay? Netanyahu also did an interview. with Jeffrey Goldberg back when Ehud Barak. was his defense ministers in, I think this is also 2012. It might have been 2014, where the two of them explained. that they agreed with what he said too. That the threat is not of a nuclear first strike. Unlike every AM radio audience has been led to believe.

that the Ayatollah, as soon as he gets an atom bomb, he will nuke Tel Aviv. And he doesn't care if all of Persia is nuked. by Israel's 200 nukes in response. He's trying to cause the end of the world. by causing a nuclear war and all these things. Well, Netanyahu himself admitted that that's not true. - Yeah, I think it's really important. - Look, I'm just agreeing with you. so you don't have to stop me. - But I'm agreeing with you. - I know, but I'm agreeing with you. So it's all right. So Netanyahu told Jeffrey Goldberg, that he was not concerned about a first strike.

That his only concern was that talented young Israelis. would move to Miami. That there would be a brain drain. That was his words, a brain drain from Israel. And that also then Hezbollah as this is what he put it, and I agree with this, that conventional forces. would have a bit more freedom of action in the region. if Iran was sitting on an a bomb. Neither of them said that there was a threat. of an offensive first strike against Israel. And I would point out, and I'm skipping ahead to Trump, but I'm skipping back here again in a second.

'cause I got more things to refute. But Trump just said the other day when he announced. American airstrikes there that this has neutralized. a threat to Israel. He did not even pretend that it was a threat. to the United States that he had ended in doing so. - Actually, he said exactly that. - [Scott] Well, actually you can Google the state-. - He, actually said, president Trump has said. that an Iranian nuclear weapon. is a threat to the United States. He said that over and over again-. - When he announced his great victory in bombing, which is what I just said, right? - [Mark] President Trump sends out 20 truth posts a day.

So let look at the many, many, many things he said. - So then he had this. whole thing about how I always believe Hezbollah, and I always believe the Ayatollah, when in fact I did not quote the Ayatollah. and I did not quote Hezbollah on anything. I did quote Osama Bin Laden, taking responsibility. for the Khobar Towers attack, which he shared that with Abdel Bari Atwan, Anyone can read it. And he agrees with Michael Scheuer, the former chief of the CIA's Bin Laden unit, who also said that it was a hoax,

that it was Iranian backed Saudi Hezbollah. that did that attack. And again, who did they attack? They killed 19 American airmen, which was the number one complaint. of Al-Qaeda against the United States, that we had air forces and Army stationed in Saudi Arabia. in order to bomb and blockade Iraq. Which again, and this was the thing. that you had asked about before, was part of the dual containment policy in the 1990s. - [Mark] So Scott, you're saying-. - God damn. - [Mark] No, wait a second. - All right, let Scott go. - The fact is. you're sitting here saying. that, oh, I trust them all so much.

Well, what do you think, Lex? What do you think Ronald Reagan meant by trust but verify? He meant don't trust but be polite. Right? That's what he meant, verify means we know, with sensors and cameras and inspections, what's going on. No one can find a quote that I said here, about how we can trust the Ayatollah, because he promised this or that, or the other thing. I didn't say that, right? What I'm talking about is the process. They sign agreements and then we have inspectors. to verify their claims.

And as anyone can search at iaea.org, they have continued. to verify the non diversion of nuclear material in Iran. to any military or other special purposes. - Actually, the IAEA has now said. that they actually can no longer do this. - [Scott] Because America withdrew from this-. - Before this war started. So, I mean, at the end of the day, let's just be factually accurate. And the fact of the matter is, anybody who knows anything about nuclear weapons program, knows that we do not have a 100% certainty on anything. I mean, Scott is making claims here. that the Mossad is fabricating,

the CIA is fabricating, everybody's fabricating, but he's also assuming that we have a 100% certainty. about what Iran is doing inside a country. more than two and a half times the size of Texas. As Scott rightly said, mountainous, incredibly difficult to monitor, incredibly difficult to surveil. They built underground facilities at Natanz and Fordo, without our knowledge. They didn't disclose it. We finally found out about it. - [Scott] That's not true, i refuted that an hour ago. - You say you refuted that, but the fact of matter is they did it, it's there. - We know the facilities are there. - And by the way, you keep saying that, I just say lies, lies, lies.

But I have explained exactly what I meant. I've cited my sources and I haven't just sat here. and said, "Ah-ah, that's a lie 'cause I don't like it.". I sat here and explained to you exactly how I know. who was building those EFP bombs in Iraq. Exactly how I know what the IAEA said. about the state of inspections here, or what Robert Kelly told the "Christian Science Monitor,". about Parchin and the rest, and on and on and on. You know, I sit here like I'm just saying, "Well, that's not true, 'cause I don't like it.". When in fact I'm explaining. exactly why your claims are not true, which they're not.

Just like saying that I said I trust Hezbollah, when anyone can rewind that and break their finger. trying to find the part where I said that. 'Cause I never did. And now you brought up the DPRK. Well, in 2002, when George W. Bush said that they were part. of the Axis of Evil, they were part of the NPT. and they had a safeguards agreement with the IAEA. And yes, they had bought centrifuge equipment. from A.Q. Khan, but they had not used it.

It was John Bolton's lie that they were enriching uranium. to weapons grade and violating the agreed framework. John Bolton and George W. Bush in the fall of '02, then canceled the agreed framework deal. that Bill Clinton had struck based on this misinformation. They added new sanctions and they launched. what was called the Proliferation Security Initiative, which was an illegal and unilateral claim of the authority. to seize any North Korean ship on the high seas. if they suspected it of proliferation. And then they added them to the Nuclear Posture Review,

putting them on the short list for a potential first strike. And it was only then in the end of 2002, after these, what four or five major things. that the Bush government did to antagonize them. that North Korea then announced. that they were going to withdraw from the treaty. and begin making nuclear weapons, which is what they did. And then, as we know from all the scientists say, every time that they've tested a nuclear bomb, it's been a plutonium bomb. they never tested, not never once used a uranium bomb. There's no evidence that John Bolton's claims there.

that they were enriching uranium were ever true. And they had, you know, Sig Hecker, who's this important American nuclear expert, went and toured their facilities and all of these things. And so we know quite a bit about what they have. And it was simply Bush pushed North Korea to nukes. as Gordon Prather wrote in his last great article. for us at antiwar.com. And it was through this exact kind of belligerence. when we already had a deal that we could have continued. to work with them on. - But Scott is constant theme. in your analysis. And again, I just I wanna look at it,

maybe steel man it, maybe challenge it, but the constant theme is the United States and Israel. and the West, we constantly aggress against North Korea, against Iran, against Russia, against these countries. And they respond to us and they respond to us. in ways that they build nuclear weapons programs. that are peaceful, but we force them.

to develop nuclear weapons. They don't actually mean to kill us. - Look, it's not right that I'm saying-. - Scott, can I finish? - [Lex] Let him finish. - No, look, you're saying that everything I say. is that everyone, anyone else does is a reaction. But that's not true. The subject here is what has America done. to make things worse rather than better? - [Mark] That's not the-. - I'm citing provocations. That doesn't mean, I'm saying that everything. that happens in the world is only an equal. and opposite reaction to an American provocation. And you can't find me saying that. You can only somehow try to paraphrase me.

claiming that somehow or something like that. But that's what's an issue, right? Is as I said, for example, there's the Reuters story. that says that after Israel did the sabotage, which they bragged about at Natanz in April of '21, that was when they started enriching up to 60%, okay? So now I'm saying that, and I'm just denying the agency of the Iranians. or anything, I said that no, I'm just citing the Reuters news agency. saying that this proactive action. by Israel caused a negative reaction by your own lights.

A very negative reaction in their beginning. to again enrich up to 60% uranium. So that means, oh, I'm just spinning for the Ayatollah. Or I believe that no one ever does anything. except in reaction to Israel and America, except that I'm just citing specific examples. of where that's exactly the case. Donald Trump withdrew from the deal. He could have stayed in the deal. and tried hard to make it better, he didn't. - [Mark] Well, he thought that-. - America has done, America. - He did try. - The US government has made numerous mistakes.

- If this podcast in any of about the American government. and the mistakes that's made. - That's a huge part of it. - Then we can spend four hours on it. - Can we please. - [Scott] Get to today. - Use everything we just talked about. and talk about today? Maybe Mark, can you lay out what is the best case. and the worst case. And Scott, then lay out the best case. and the worst case that can happen now. - So Lex, I think the best case, and something I've advocated for, I've been working on this. for 22 years, is that the Iranians return. to negotiations at Oman, sit down with the United States.

and conclude an agreement that peacefully and permanently. and fully dismantles their nuclear program. They agree to that, which means they shut down. any remaining facilities. They give up all the remaining centrifuges. and enriched material that they could use. to develop nuclear weapons. They let the IAEA in order to supervise this. They actually commit to not rebuilding this nuclear program.

And we come in, as we've done with 23 other countries, to helping them provide civilian nuclear energy. Because it seems to me a little fanciful. that Khamenei would build a civilian nuclear program. under 80 meters of concrete surrounded by rock. and take all the risks he's taken. And by the way, he faces a risk to his regime, spent a half a trillion dollars to do this.

When it makes no commercial sense. But let's take him at his word. that he wants civilian nuclear energy. Let's build it for him. As long as there's no enrichment or reprocessing. gives him the key capabilities that he could. if he decides to build nuclear weapons, that seems to me a thoughtful approach. I think Scott would probably agree with it. Proliferation proof, he can't build nuclear weapons. and we can do this all peacefully. That's my preference. - What can Trump do to help make that happen? - I think what he can do is he can say to the Iranians,

look, I made you that offer last time you rejected it. Now that offer's no longer in the table. because that offer gave you enrichment. Now temporarily, but I now see the game. that you would've played when I left office. to turn that enrichment and enrichment capability. into nuclear weapons. So that deal's off the table. But here's the deal that's on the table. It's a one page deal. You give up your nuclear capabilities, we help you build civilian nuclear energy.

I think that's best case. Alright? I think worst case is that the Iranians. do what they've unfortunately been doing over and over again. and rejecting these deals and holding firm, that they wanna retain this enrichment capability. And then the only reason they wanna retain. enrichment capability is the option. to develop nuclear weapons. Otherwise they can have civilian energy tomorrow. Makes much more commercial sense to do that. And the entire international community. would help them and pay for that. I worry that they're gonna just remain in intransigent.

at the negotiating table. And I think if they do that, then what I worry that they're going to do, is whatever remaining capabilities they have left, they'll abide their time. They'll wait for the opportunity. Maybe it's not now. Maybe it's when Trump's gone, and they will rebuild this nuclear weapons program. and they'll be then inviting further strikes, further war and further suffering. And I worry that that is the worst case. And by the way, it's part of that worst case.

in retaining the capabilities. The extra worst case is they take those capabilities. and they go for a nuclear bomb. Now, if Scott's right, and the regime has never had any desire for a nuclear bomb, and we don't have to worry about that. because as according to Scott, all of this. has been fabricated, all of this has been result of US. and Israeli intelligence mendacity. And we don't have to worry about a nuclear weapon. I personally worry about it knowing this regime, looking at two and a half decades of nuclear deception.

I worry that they wanna retain those capabilities. and at time of their choosing develop nuclear bombs. So I think if you're responsible. and you're trying to think through the various scenarios, you've gotta consider an Iranian nuclear weapons breakout. as a possibility. And you've gotta try to mitigate that. You either mitigate that at the negotiating table. through a full dismantlement deal. Or it's the least... Well it's the least good option for sure.

is you're gonna have to go back in there. either the Israelis and or the United States. And you're gonna have to continue to use both covert action. and air power to destroy those capabilities. - Can I just even dig in further on the worst case? Do you think it's possible to have... Where US gets pulled into a feet on the ground. full on war with Iran? - I think one must never dismiss possibilities. because as I said, you've gotta plan against. worst case options, and I think-.

- That's what the Israel lobby has in store for you guys. American lives mean nothing to the Israel Firsters. They don't care that Israel motivated September 11th. and killed 3,000 of our guys. You know, I was at the airport yesterday, had a big American flag with all the red and white stripes. made out of the names of the dead of September 11th, who are killed by people motivated. by Israel's crimes in Palestine and Lebanon. and enforcing Bill Clinton's dual containment policy. from Saudi Arabia. They don't care about that. They don't care about the 4,500 Americans.

who died in Iraq War II, or the million something people who died in Iraq War II, the half a million in Syria. As long as the Shiite Crescent somehow is limited, they'll even celebrate openly. I don't know about him, but I know Ben Shapiro. and many other leaders of the Israel lobby in America. celebrated the overthrow of Bashar al-Assad in Syria. by Abdul Mohammed Al Jalani, the leader of Alqaeda in Iraq in Syria. Why? 'Cause he's not a Shiite. He's not a Alawite, friends with the Shiites. and friends with Iran and friends with Hezbollah.

And so that's good for Israel even though. it's the worst thing that you could possibly imagine. for the people of the United States of America. Yeah, those sworn loyal to Osama Bin Laden. and Ayman al‑Zawahiri. Ruling Damascus now, their own ISIS caliphate in our era. And this is why they always pretend they go, oh, you know, over there the Muslims, the terrorists. greatest state sponsors of terrorism. It's Al-Qaeda that threatens the United States of America. It wasn't Hezbollah that knocked those towers down.

And they have us siding. with our enemies against their enemies. And as you just said, well I guess time will tell Lex. whether we're gonna have to drop the 82nd airborne in there, whether Americans are gonna have to do a regime change. - I didn't actually say that. I wish you'd listen not put words in mouth. - I heard what he said. - I forced him kind of to say. what the worst case possibility of a full on invasion. as a thought experiment. And you can let him finish that. as opposed to making accusations. Let's just minimize both ways accusations please.

Let's just talk about the ideas. The most charitable interpretation is ideas, sorry-. - Well, I'm from the United States of America, unlike him, and I care about the future of this country, unlike him who's here to serve a foreign power. and make their case at our expense. - Scott. And next you're gonna say that I'm un-American. - [Mark] 'Cause you're an immigrant too. - You're just hosting the show. I don't know. Seems like you're trying to be fair. - [Lex] No, it's not. No, no, no. It's not about fair. - But has an agenda. He's from FDD. - Stop. Stop. It's not about being fair.

The implication here is somebody who's un-American. because where they're from. - I didn't say anyone who's not from here. I'm talking about him. - Okay, I think that's a really deeply. disrespectful accusation. - Well, can I ask you, does it bother you. that when Naftali Bennett bombed a UN shelter. full of 106 women and children in Qana, Lebanon in 1996, that that's what motivated Mohammed-. - I'll tell you what bothers me, Scott, you know what bothers me? - To join Al‑Qaeda to attack our towers. - I came to this country 22 years ago,

I became a proud US citizen 10 years ago. I'm proud to be an American and accusing me or Lex, or any immigrants to this country. of not being un-American is deeply offensive. So let me answer Lex's question Lex, let's get back to your question. Because I think it's an important question, right? What are the chain of events. that could lead 500,000 mechanized US troops. to actively invade Iran, which would be a disaster? And that's something we never wanna see again. That's one of the lessons of Iraq. I think Scott has done a good job over the years. in demonstrating that we don't wanna do that again.

So is there such a scenario? I think one must never rule it out. because there is a scenario, for example, where the regime collapses, okay? And the regime collapses and there's chaos inside Iran. Not suggesting that'll happen. There are a whole bunch of scenarios. maybe we should talk about with respect to the collapse. of the regime. But you could see a scenario. where the United States would have to go in there. in order to try to secure military and nuclear.

and missile assets so that it doesn't end up. at the hands of warring factional and ethnic groups. that Scott referred to. 'Cause again, as he's rightly pointed out, Iran is not Persia. - [Scott] Can't the IDF handle it? - So can I just finish? Just who can handle it? Who cannot handle it? I think that it's a potential scenario, which is why I don't think anybody should be advocating. for a US decapitation of the regime in Iran. I have long been on record.

as supporting the Iranian people, right? Providing support to the Iranian people. to at one point take back their country. and take back their flag. It's very much sort of Reagan's strategy. that Reagan ran in the Cold War. of maximum pressure on the regime, maximum support for anti-Soviet dissidents. While by the way he was negotiating arms control agreements. for the Soviet Union in order to try to reduce. the number of nuclear tipped ICBMs. that both countries had pointed at each other. So I think the Reagan strategy of providing support. to the people is a far better strategy.

for trying to get transition, leadership transition, government transition inside Iran. But I think the scenario of decapitation strikes, killing Khomeini, taking out the entire government. could potentially lead to that scenario. And I think we have to be conscious of that. We have to guard against that. So I think that's important. I think Scott's right, I mean if a scenario happened. like that, yeah, I mean I think the Israelis. have demonstrated extraordinary capabilities. and they could go in there. and they could secure loose nuclear materials.

that you would be worried. could be fashioned for nuclear weapons. I mean, Scott doesn't seem to worry about these materials. I worry about these materials and capabilities. in the hands of anybody. 'Cause they're all capabilities that just the physics of it, you can produce nuclear weapons. So best case scenario negotiation. We fully dismantle their program in Oman. Worst case scenario, right? Is having to return for continued military strikes. that continue to escalate the situation, Worse, worse situation is some kind of decapitation strike.

that collapses the regime and causes chaos. There are a whole bunch of other scenarios we can talk about. that are embedded in that. But I think if you're a responsible person. and a responsible analyst, and certainly if you're a responsible policy maker, you gotta be planning for all of these scenarios and more. - Scott, what do you think is the best case. and the worst case here? - Well, the best case scenario is that we quit right now. And that Trump figures out a way to reorder some paragraphs. and get back in something like the JCPOA,

which was also signed. with the rest of the UN Security Council power. - Can I ask you like, is JCPOA is a pretty good approximation. of what would be a good deal? - Pretty good. It could have been better. As I said at the beginning, Trump could have gone in there. and tried to negotiate a better result. with the sunset provisions on some of those things. But the concept that America. is just going to insist on zero enrichment, zero nuclear program whatsoever. when they have the unalienable right, quote unquote in the non-proliferation treaty. to civilian nuclear material and civilian program.

It's a poisoned pill. It's meant to fail just like it was a poisoned pill. meant to destroy the talks here, good enough to start a war. Again, as I quoted from earlier, he said on TV last week, well, America has to take out Fordo now. because now they're more likely to break out towards a nuke. I think that's exactly right. So there still is, or there's strong reason to be skeptical, including Israeli and American officials.

told "The New York Times," that they thought. that the damage was quite incomplete. - Now the IAEA just came out recently, just point of fact, sort of interesting, we'll see on the battle damage assessment. But they actually think the facility was destroyed. and that the centrifuges, the sensitive centrifuges were destroyed. So just interesting for the viewers. And it may be premature. - So now we are going. to have to bomb all the uranium mines, all the aluminum smelters. so that they can't make any more centrifuges. They know how to make centrifuges. So at this point, you know, in for...

This is why government doesn't work. They make matters worse and create more work for themselves. and make things worse and worse and worse. We can make the same criticism. about Russia's invasion of Ukraine, making matters worse for themselves. and causing them to have to escalate even further. Now America's in this situation where the danger. that Iran will now break out to a nuke is so heightened. that now we're talking about, well maybe we'll have to do a full regime change. And I appreciate you Mark, saying that we should not kill the ayatollah, but Benjamin Netanyahu says we should.

He said just the other day, that if we get rid of the Ayatollah, that will solve all the problems. Which is just crazy to think. that they have Israeli officials have been tweeting out. pictures of them paling around with the son of the Shah, talking about reinstalling his royal majesty's monarchy. Sock puppet dictatorship. that's taking back Iran for the people of Iran, giving them over to a bunch of foreign backed exiles. Was that what Trump meant when he gave that speech. in Qatar saying, we don't believe in Neoconservatism.

and spreading democracy anymore. He's just setting up. 'cause we're gonna try to reinstall a monarch. - Can you go into the analysis of best case and worst case, you laid out the best case. So worst case would be, feet on the ground. - The worst case is this. - [Mark] What was the best case, I missed-. - The best case is a deal. - Yeah, that we quit now. - Yeah, the deal, okay basically, you guys agree. on the best case. - And respect their right to a civilian nuclear program. and try to negotiate, as I said, back into something like the JCPOA, which again had them exporting their entire stockpile. of uranium out of the country,

he wants no nuclear program whatsoever. - No, no, that's not what I said. That's not what I said, be careful what I said. - Well, no enrichment capabilities. With an entire dependence on other countries. to supply their fuel needs. - [Lex] Can you teach me the difference when we-. - Yeah, so lemme just step back from this. 'cause we agree on some and we disagree on a major issue. And that if we both agree Iran deserves. a civilian nuclear program-. - [Scott] The point is the Ayatollah. is never going to give in on enrichment. - [Mark] Can I just- - We know that. - [Mark] Okay. - As a premise. for our whole discussion here. Therefore, what he's saying is, we're gonna have to keep escalating the war.

until the mission is accomplished. - Not sure I said that. Scott, I think it's again, important that the distinction here, right? We both agree that Iran deserves a civilian nuclear program. 23 countries have civilian nuclear programs. and they don't have enrichment. and they don't have reprocessing. Where we differ is, I don't think Iran should have the Iran standard. I think that Iran should agree to the gold standard, that 23 US allies have agreed to. so have civilian nuclear program. But you don't get to keep the key enrichment.

and reprocessing capabilities. that you need to develop nuclear weapons. - Do you think that Bill Clinton. should have just let the Chinese sell them. the light water reactor. that they wanted to back in the '90's? - Yeah, and America of course allowed Russia. to sell them a heavy water reactor for the same purpose. But I agree with Scott that I think one of the ways. out of this is yes, whether it's the Chinese. or preferably as an American, I prefer the Americans actually sell reactors. to the Iranians as great, you know,

nuclear industry in this country, let's do that. But if they can't, the South Koreans can, the Russians can, the Chinese can. I wouldn't wanna have significant Russian. and Chinese influence in Iran. so better that it'd be a western country that does it. Nevertheless provide those reactors. They're proliferation proof. There's no enrichment and no reprocessing. You buy your fuel rods from abroad, you put them in the reactors, you power the Iranian electrical grid, which is in terrible shape. because the Ayatollah has spent a half a trillion dollars. trying to build nuclear weapons. and not trying to provide electricity for his people.

Let's help him, let's help his people get electricity. But the key difference in our argument, and it's a fundamental difference, Scott's right, like the key difference is I do not wanna give this regime. enrichment or reprocessing. 'cause they have shown over time for whatever reason, whether you believe if they intended to, or we were lying about it. or we provoked them, it doesn't matter. What they have shown over the past number of years. is they have gone up from 3.67% in rich uranium. for civilian purpose all the way up to 60%,

which is 99% of what you need for weapons grade. Since we've seen them do it before, we don't wanna see them do it again. So no enrichment, full dismantlement, full deal. And then there's a peaceful resolution to. What I worry about is positions that are taken. that undermine President Trump's negotiating. leverage in Oman, because-. - Can I ask you, you were saying you supported the JC... Or you were opposed to-. - [Mark] No, no, I was opposed to Joe (indistinct). - That's what I'm saying. You were opposed to withdrawing from it.

Don't you think that Trump could have gone over there. and negotiate to make it better? And would you agree that it was a huge mistake to withdraw? Because they were, as we agreed, shipping out. all of their enriched uranium to only be brought back. in a form that they could not use to make nukes. The scientists had decided. that if they kicked all the inspectors out. and beat their chest and started making a nuke, it would take them a full year. to have enough weapons grade uranium. for a single gun type nuke under the JCPOA, right? So. - Let me ask you a question. - Yeah. - Because you're right.

I mean, I'm glad you've pointed out. 'cause I tried to take a nuanced position. during the JCPOA debate. and I got hammered by the left. and I got hammered by the right, okay? The left hammered me. 'cause I criticized the JCPOA. because it's fundamental flaw with twofold. One, it gave Iran enrichment capability. that would expand over time. as the restrictions sunsetted, right? And number two, the sunsets were gonna kick in. and Iran would emerge with this industrial size program, which we would not be able to stop.

Now, the nuanced position, which I got hammered on. by the right was I said, go negotiate with Europeans, agree on a common transatlantic position. to approach the Iranians and say, look, that deal that we did back in 2015, we think it's flawed. We wanna extend that deal. We wanna get rid of the sunsets. and we are gonna negotiate a deal. Now does that mean we have to give you. more sanctions relief? Yeah, probably the Iranians are not gonna just agree. without sanctions relief. What happened is the Trump administration tried. to negotiate with the Europeans.

The Europeans were opposed. because they didn't wanna revisit the agreement. We knew the Iranians were completely opposed. And there was no way they were gonna do this. if the United States and Europe were divided. And so, just a little bit of history. I just think it's interesting history. It was at that point that President Trump. decided to withdraw from the agreement. - But what I'm asking you is, if say you were the national security advisor. under the JCPOA, where they're still shipping all their enriched geranium. outta the country and all that,

which you would be advising him to not leave. In the negotiations to improve the deal. Would you have been willing to accept. some level of enrichment then? As long as we're still, we have the restriction part. where they're shipping it all out of the country, or to you, enrichment at all is always a red line, essentially equivalent to them being 99%. of the way to a nuclear weapon. - Look, enrichment capability is a red line. It has to be a red line. - Even though you know, it's protected by the MPT, The right to piece the nuclear technology,

they call it a loophole, but they have the right to enrich uranium. - And as there's different interpretations of everything, including agreements, there is a raging debate about whether the NPT. actually gives you a right to enrich. In fact, the Obama administration, even with the JCPOA was not willing to recognize. Iran's right to enrich, but they were willing to recognize its defacto reality. that they were enriching. So can you explain NPT, it's the Non-Proliferation Treaty. Iran is a member of it, and it is supposed to promote.

peaceful civilian nuclear energy. And it's supposed to prevent countries. from developing nuclear weapons. I think that's a basic summary of it. - And it mandates that non-nuclear weapons states. have a safeguards agreement with the IAEA. and full of additional protocols and whatever. - [Mark] Which Iran where they have to refused to sign, by the way. - Well, no, they had an additional protocol. that they were abiding, not even enriching at all, while they were negotiating with the E3. And then what the JCPOA really did, was add a bunch of additional protocols.

and subsidiary arrangements. - Iran is agreement to ratify the additional protocol. I just want just be clear on the facts. I mean, it's really important. - Well, at which point in time. did they refuse to ratify? Because they did ratify the JCPOA, which was full of additional protocols. and subsidiary arrangements and agreements they're called. - There's an important additional protocol. that Iran refused. - Which one was that? The one where they promised not to enrich at all? Which they actually did abide by, while they were negotiating with the E3 in the W. Bush years. before they even started spinning centrifuges. - The important point, you asked me.

what I would advise the National Security Advisor. of the United States, or if I was the National Security Advisor. of the United States, which I guess I can't 'cause I'm a foreigner. But the fact of the matter is, is-. - I think you could still be National Security Advisor. Zbigniew Brzezinski sure was. - I think he was taking a shot back. at the fact that you took a shot. - You know what Lex, I think that you probably would recognize. that there are many people who lobby for Israel's interests. in the United States who clearly don't care. that much about what happens. to the United States of America in it as a consequence.

because they care about Israel, which is a different country than America, right? It's not part of 50 states. - I think an American, an American citizen cares primarily about America. That is fundamental belief for me to make an accusation. that they don't requires a very large amount of proof. for each individual, I don't care-. - To pretend that American and Israel's interests. are the same, requires a tremendous amount. of cognitive dissonance. by those who support Israel's interest. - [Mark] He's right, they're not all the same. - State sponsor of terror as though Iran.

has anything to do with anti-American terrorists. - I don't know who is the they that we're talking about, but I believe American citizens care about America first. They may discuss how their nations. and the interests in the Middle East or in Europe. and those interests might align. with their own worldview, whatever. But at the end of the day, if everybody starts a wove with everybody else, they're America first. Like I'm America first.

If there's a war that breaks out. and we have to pick up guns, I'm fighting for America. - I'll take them on a case by case basis. I know immigrants, I know immigrants. who are absolutely super patriots who know American history. and love and care about America. more than their next door neighbors, who are from here. But that ain't universal. Okay? - Sure, let's talk about case by case then. That's fine. - I think clearly accusing me. - I think a worse war. with Iran, he's entertain the possibility. of putting ground troops in there. Don't take personal shots.

Just don't take personal shots. Either of you. You've taken personal shots, let's not do it. You guys are just having fun and I'm having fun with-. - [Scott] Just on idea. Lemme respond. He said that there's a threat from Iran in missiles. to America's base in the Middle East. Yeah, because of Israel and because of this war. The first time Iran ever fired missiles at an American base. over there was in response to-. - Never Iran's fault. - To Trump bombing them. - It's never Ron's fault. - We saw it. Is that what everybody thinks? - Never his fault his fault. - That it was Iran who started his? - [Lex] Let's bring it back, Scott. - What a joke.

- Scott, It's remarkable to me. and I just wanna reiterate this-. - And then Iran shot missiles at Qatar and Iraq. - Scott, you're a patriotic American. God bless you, God bless the United States. Thank you for allowing me to come to this country. and become an American, it's a great country. And as a patriotic American, I assume that the United States government. and the United States intelligence community. and the United States military okay? Has America's best interest at heart. However, we have learned from the history,

and Scott's done a very good job of detailing this. during the Iraq war that the United States gets it wrong. I don't think the United States lied us into war, but the United States got it wrong. So I think Scott's right. We must make sure that we learn the lessons of Iraq, but not overlearn the lessons of Iraq. I would also say this, there are many lobby organizations in the United States. There's the China lobby, there's the oil lobby, there's the pharmaceutical lobby, there's the Qatar lobby. I live in Washington. I see all these lobby organizations, okay?

Fact of the matter is the pro-Israel lobby, which actually lobbies in support. of the US Israel relationship. It's comprised of tens of millions of Christians and Jews. and Hindus and yes, yes, Muslims who believe strongly. in a strong US/Israel relationship. The reason that relationship has been so strong. over so many years, and that this quote lobby. has been so successful, is they're pushing through an open door with policymakers. Not because some nefarious money influence,

but because at the end of the day, the interests align. We counter terrorism together. We counter nuclear proliferation together. And we believe that the US/Israel relationship. is a strong relationship. And these accusations of dual loyalty. and these accusations of Israel Firsters. that Scott's thrown around, I think distract us from the conversation, which I think we should return to, right? Let's talk about today. We've talked about best case scenarios. We've talked about worst case scenarios, and we talked about really worst case scenarios. So I think let's talk about the way forward.

And I'd be interested in hearing from Scott. where he thinks we're going. And I'm certainly, I don't crystal ball these things. It's always difficult to predict. But I think President Trump has done a really good job. He has led this, right? He has not been, you know, the, at the beck and Call of Bibi Netanyahu. or Mohammad bin Salman of Saudi Arabia or anyone else. He has led this effort. He has made these decisions. This is a man who throughout his entire career, and not just his political career,

but many, many years before that believed. that an Iranian nuclear weapon was a threat. to the United States of America. Not just to our allies, but to the United States of America. And he's been very clear on record. He led this campaign since he started in January. He offered negotiations. He got rebuffed by the Iranians in Oman. He put pressure on the regime economically. He continued to offer negotiations. He offered a very good, something that I thought was flawed. I mean, Lex, I gotta tell you the offer in Oman.

that he gave to the Iranians, I thought it was flawed. because I think it allowed Iran. to retain this key enrichment capability. The Iranians turned it down. And I think Khamenei to his everlasting regret. is gonna wonder why did I turn that down? I could have got the enrichment capability. that Scott thinks they deserve. And yet I rejected it. Why did I reject it? 'Cause now look what's happened in the past 12 days, you know, I've lost Fordo mostly. We'll see what happens on the BDA, the battle damage assessment. I've certainly lost Natanz.

I've lost my conversion facility at Isfahan, which converts uranium hexafluoride into... Well converts yellow cake into uranium hexafluoride. to pump into centrifuges. And the most important thing I lost at Isfahan. is a conversion facility that takes 90% enriched uranium. and turns it into uranium metal, without uranium metal-. - They don't have any 90% enriched uranium. He just means hypothetically, if they did have some, - [Mark] Yeah, you know this- - Be clear. - You know the 60%, that's 99% of the way.

to 90% enriched uranium, by the way, you can make a crude nuclear device. with 60% enriched uranium, I just wanna put that on the record. But he lost that key conversion facility. that turns 90% enriched uranium. or even 60% enriched uranium into uranium metal. You need uranium metal to fashion a crude nuclear device. or a warhead, that's been destroyed. And when I was coming in this morning, I just checked, I thought it was interesting. And a whole lot of discussion about the fact. that about 12 or 16 trucks showed up at Fordo,

in the days before the US strikes. And moved something out of Fordo. Well, according to reports, just this morning, we'll see if they're verified. I don't trust single sourcing. I don't trust what some reporter just says in their stories. 'Cause reporters got it wrong over and over again. Especially all the ones who accuse President Trump. of being a Russian agent. But we'll see what happens. We'll see if it's verified. But according to the reports, most of the material remained at Fordo. Because the Iranians were calculating.

this was the most heavily fortified facility. They were also calculating that President Trump. was not gonna strike it. Because what they had been doing. was listening to lots of voices. And we can name the voices. or we can just talk to them about a collective. Who they thought were telling Trump don't do it. And we're telling Trump don't do it. And Trump decided on his own to do it. So they kept the enriched material at Fordo. And if that's the case, it may be that much of it was destroyed. Again, caveat, it's just one or two stories right now,

one in NBC news and let's see what happens. over the coming days. But if that's the case, that material may have been destroyed. One other element that we haven't even talked about. at all today, which I think your listeners. should be aware of, we talked a lot about nuclear weapons development, warhead development. What the Israelis did was they took out the top 15. nuclear weapons scientists who have been part of... Remember I talked about that original AMAD program? And the development of those five atomic weapons.

Well some of them who are old enough. come from the AMAD program, which is the early 2000s. Some of them are new, but they've been, or not new, but the younger. And they've been trained by the veterans, the 15 top guys taken out. That is akin to it's January or February '45. And the entire central team of Oppenheimer gets eliminated. three to four months before the Trinity test. where we explode our first nuclear weapon.

So I would say significant damage. to Iran's nuclear weapons program. suggests that we potentially have rolled them back. for years, I don't know how many years. And all those technical assessments are still to come, but significant damage. So the question as I said is have they retained. enough capabilities that they've squirreled away, stored in covert sites, put under deeply buried tunnels. to break out to nuclear weapons? That's Scott's concern. That's my concern. Like I'm sure it's your concern that they could do that.

or have they set back the program so significantly. that Khamenei then has to decide, will I be inviting another Israeli and or US attack. if I try to break out? And if I do, do I risk my regime? - Who thinks that if they break out. and try to start making nukes now. that any hawk supporting this war. will take responsibility for driving them to it. - So the suggestion you're making. is we're actually driving as opposed to doing the opposite, we're actually driving them to develop nuclear weapons.

- That's right. - Can you make a case of that? - Yeah, previously he said let's take the Ayatollah. at his word that he only wants. a civilian electricity program. Well let's not take him at his word. Again, I never said in this conversation, trust the Ayatollah. He did. Now he's kind of being narky. - Yeah, but you said that the Ayatollah. doesn't want nuclear weapons programs, Scott, you were very clear about that. - What I said I was-. - The Ayatollah had never wanted a nuclear weapons program. Are you going back on that now? - Jesus Christ. What I was very clear about from my very first statement. when we sat down was that the Ayatollah was building himself.

a latent nuclear deterrent putting Iran. as what they call att threshold nuclear weapon state. Just like Brazil and Germany and Japan. So everyone knows they have mastered the fuel cycle. They could enrich uranium up to 90%. Don't make me do it. That was his position. - [Mark] None of those countries. have a nuclear weapons program. - Did you ever hear me say. anything about believing the Ayatollah? Saying he only wanted an electricity program? This is why enrichment is a red line.

It's because if all the enrichment. is done overseas somewhere, then it's not a latent nuclear deterrent at all. - [Mark] So it's a red line for you as well as for me. We agree Scott. - I'm saying it's a red line for the Ayatollah. that he's clearly not going to give in on. and it's a poisoned pill by the Israelis and the west. They know he is never gonna give up enrichment. a 100%, because that's the whole point of it. So it's just disingenuous say, oh let's believe him. that he wants an electricity program. He's not saying that. I don't even think that's his official position.

Or if it is, it's with a strong implication. as everyone understands. that it's a latent nuclear weapons capability. and a potential actual nuclear weapons capability. - So to you a deal will have to include enrichment? - Yes. - [Lex] That is a red line. will move off? - Yes, and then the thing is too, just like I was saying before, if Trump had come in, in 2017. and said, screw this, I hate this deal. And then got on a plane and flown straight to Tehran. and said, or you know, sent his guys.

And said, now listen here Ayatollah, I want fix this deal up better. I think that he really could have, and I already said I don't know the details, but I believe Mark when he says. that the Europeans were being intransigent on that. And again, I criticized the CIA and FBI. for framing Trump for treason, for preventing him from being able to work with the Russians. to see if maybe they could put pressure. on the Ayatollah to deal with him. But I think that it's clear when the Ayatollah. was willing in the JCPOA to, well first of all. to sign the additional protocol back in the W. Bush years.

For three years, he didn't enrich anything. under that deal as long as he was negotiating with the E3. And then under the JCPOA where he's shipping out every bit. of his declared nuclear material, he's clearly keeping the ability to enrich. if necessary to weapons grade if a crisis breaks out. and he feels like he has to make nukes. But he had no stockpile to enrich this whole thing. about 99% of the way there. He had no stockpile. So even if you, you know, count gassing up your truck on the way to the mine.

as part of this long timescale of percentages here, they were much further from a nuke under the deal, which he agrees we shouldn't have even gotten out of. - Can I just say technically, just I think again, important for your listeners. to understand, under the JCPOA Iran is allowed. to keep a stockpile of a maximum of 300 kilograms, as I remember, of 3.67% enriched material. They're allowed to continue to enrich. as long as if they go over the 300 kilogram, they have to continue to send that out to Russian.

to blend down. And so they kept the enrichment capability, the ability to enrich, they did keep a stockpile. Scott's right, they're not allowed in those early years. to go under 3.67%. They would be allowed to go to 20% and 60%. and 90% as the restrictions sunsetted. But they were able to keep all of those key capabilities. So I just wanna clarify just technically. what the JCPOA actually said and what it didn't say.

- Yeah, can you comment on the so-called. Operation Midnight hammer, now that we can look back at it, what parts were successful were, what parts were a mistake? Was the whole operation a mistake that accelerates. that Iran nuclear program or the incentives for it? Or is there some components. that actually is a disincentive. for Iran to develop the program? And then maybe you can comment on the same, it'd be nice just to get commentaries. - I think we really don't know, right? There's some initial battle assessments and arguments.

and all that about just how much was destroyed. and we don't know exactly. what their reaction is going to be. You know, there were reports of them saying, "Hey, we're already starting up. a new facility somewhere else.". There were reports where they said, "Hey, a lot of our centrifuges survived. and we're gonna start spinning them up right now.". And this kind of thing, the potential is there. I don't know what the Ayatollah is gonna do. And I think this goes to the larger argument. about the apocalyptic threat of the Ayatollah, which Mark has not made, but which Israel hawks often do.

that these guys just can't wait. to get into a war and all this. In fact, if you look at Iran. - But they're in a war. but the argument I make. is we're not gonna use a nuclear weapon. - You interrupt me every time I try to say. - [Mark] Scott, you're mischaracterizing what I'm saying. I need to clarify when you mischaracterizes, - He's not interrupting you every time, but sometimes interrupting, yes. So try not to interrupt as much, go ahead Scott. Don't take it personally. Come on, let's go. - Alright, it seems like a deliberate attempt to obfuscate. and prevent me from just being able to complete a point.

You know, he does it virtually every time. - No, it's not. As a listener, I'm enjoying this. - Well look on the face of it, they blew up a lot of stuff. and they made them very angry. So are they gonna now give in. or they're now gonna double down, or they're now gonna hold still? We don't really know. As I was trying to explain from the Ayatollah's position, that he's in, what are you gonna do with a problem. like the United States of America, right? They can chant great Satan, this and that all they want. They had no ability to really threaten this country.

in any way. And they know that America absolutely. does have the ability to, in fact, even without nuclear weapons, essentially wipe their civilization. off the face of the earth just with B52s. if we wanted to carpet bomb their major cities. And so they know, the Ayatollah knows, he's in a very difficult position. And look at what he did when they assassinated Soleimani. He sent essentially a symbolic strike at an empty corner. of an American base in Iraq. It did cause some concussions and head trauma.

But he deliberately did that to not cause casualties. and then Trump let him have the last word. And then also when they shot down the drone, which I think Trump was suspicious. that the Pentagon had flown that into Iranian airspace. and they demanded strikes. and Trump said, no, it's just a drone. How many Iranians will die at the base you want me to hit? No, I don't want to kill them. I don't want to do it. And again, he let the Ayatollah get the last word. Same thing happened again with yesterday's strikes. Iran hit America's our central command headquarters.

The Al Udeid Air Base in Qatar. and also an American base, I think in Baghdad. And I'm not sure about in Iraqi Kurdistan. - [Mark] Zero casualties so far. - Zero casualties so far. So what is going on there essentially. is he's gotta do something, he's doing like these symbolic strikes essentially. to say like, hey, you can't do that to me. But then he's also telegraphing that, hey, like I can't do anything about you. and I don't really wanna fight. And so in a way he's like kind of backing down he's doing.

And then what did Donald Trump say? Donald Trump again, let him have the last word. And in fact like bragged and mocked. and said, "hey thanks Ayatollah for giving us a warning. that you were about to shoot missiles at our base. so we could be ready to shoot them all down,". and this kind of thing. And he said, now is the time for peace. In other words, Trump again letting the Ayatollah. get the last word. Why? Because the Ayatollah, he might be a horrible leader if you live in Iran, but he is not perfectly. but essentially cautious in foreign policy.

because what's he gonna do? He's gonna decimate our naval base at Bahrain. He's gonna slaughter all our troops in Kuwait. And then what's Trump gonna do? And so the Ayatollah knows. So it's the same people who... And I don't include him in this, but you hear a lot of the hawkish talk. about just how easy this has been. These same people talking about. what an absolutely irrational, religiously motivately, motivated and therefore, you know, crazy. and irrational group of people the mullahs are.

and why they can only be dealt with, with force. When in fact what they're showing is essential conservatism. trying to hold onto what they got, making a latent deterrent. 'Cause they know if they break out. toward a bomb that'll get them bombed. So they were hoping having a latent deterrent. would be enough to just keep them at the status quo. That's why it's so disingenuous, just again with Marco Rubio, the Secretary of State saying, "Forget the intelligence.". Because 60%, hey, it's 99% of the way there,

close enough for us. So it doesn't matter if the Ayatollah. has decided to make or nuke or not. They're just too close to one as it is. Which is really silly. because they're not much closer than they've been. for 20 years since the W. Bush administration. They proved they've mastered the fuel cycle. - That is one of the fundamental disagreements in the room. that you're saying they really don't have interest. to develop a nuclear weapon. And they're not quite. - [Scott] Well, not exactly. I mean, what I said is-. - Well more towards that direction than Mark is saying. - [Scott] More toward.

But they're saying, look at us, we're a threshold state. Don't push your luck and force us. to make the bad decision. Now that's an implication, they have not said that outright, but clearly the implication is that if we force them, then they will go ahead and make a nuclear weapon. - What I mean is, if left on their own devices, they would not develop. That's the case you're making, and the case. - Well not just on their own devices, but if we were to try to negotiate with them in good faith. and try to have normal relations with them, that would disincentivize a nuclear weapon even further.

- Okay. Can you comment on operation and in general? - Sure, couple things I think were interesting, what Scott said, and I agree certainly with some of it. I mean, the first thing is I do believe President Trump. has negotiated in good faith. I mean, he sent Steve Witkoff, he's chief negotiator. for five rounds of negotiations since he came in office. The second is, I mean, we can keep going around in circles, but the fact of the matter is, I do believe that Iran. and Iran backed terrorist organizations have since 1979.

killed and try to kill and maim Americans. and taken them hostage. I think it's important for me again, to put that on the record. But where I agree with with Scott is... And it's interesting, and I don't know if Khamenei has changed, in he is, you know, he's 86 years old. He's been in power since 1989. And there's a little bit of history. that I think is really interesting, Lex. It was 1988 and Iran and Iraq had fought. this brutal eight year war, a million people dead. And the United States accidentally shot down.

a Iranian passenger airline. United States offered to pay compensation and apologized. And the Iranians didn't believe it. They didn't believe we could accidentally do that. They thought we were gonna be intervening militarily. on behalf of Saddam. So Khamenei, who's not the supreme leader at the time, he was the Iranian president. He and Rafsanjani, they go to Khomeini and they say, Mr. Ayatollah, we gotta sue for peace with the Iraqis. 'cause the Americans are intervening. and we cannot fight the Americans.

We fought this brutal war. We'll continue with Saddam. We cannot fight the United States of America. And I think Scott's right, like that perception that there's no way. they can fight the United States of America. 'Cause that's regime ending potentially, even if we don't intend to, that could actually happen. And there's a famous line where Khomeini says, "All right, I agree. I will drink the poisoned chalice.". I'll drink the poisoned chalice. and I will agree to a ceasefire. on pretty tough terms for Iran. It's interesting now, 36 years later,

or 37 years later, Khamenei is now gotta decide. to drink the poisoned chalice. Does he agree to a negotiated deal with the United States? Does he agree to deal that President Trump? And I mean, Scott criticizes me for it, but that's President Trump's position, is no enrichment, full dismantlement, by the way, that's backed up. by 52 of 53 Republican centers and 177 house GOP members. and backed by everybody in his administration, including JD Vance, who's been emphatic about that.

Does he agree to that deal. or does he decide I'm not gonna drink the poisoned chalice. and I'm going to take other options. Now I agree with Scott, like going after a US military basis, except in a symbolic way, suicidal. Closing the Straits of Hormuz, 40% of Chinese oil goes through there. The Chinese have been saying the Iranians, don't you dare. By the way, a 100% of Iranian oil goes from Iran. and Kharg Island through the Straits of Hormuz. So economically suicidal for the Iranians to do that.

Terror attacks, absolutely. I mean, that has been their modus operandi for years. So I would be concerned about terrorist attacks. against US targets, against civilians, potentially sleeper cells in the United States. So he's used terror cells around the world. He's engaged in a decades long assassination campaign, including on American soil, by the way, sometimes successfully, sometimes not, including most recently where he went after. an Iranian American three times.

to try to assassinate her in New York. A woman named Masih Alinejad. And so he's gotta be calculating like, what is my play? So if I don't do a deal, how can I actually squeeze the Americans? And Scott's right, like he must be thinking to himself, you know what, I was literally on the 99 yard line. with an entire nuclear weapons capability. I should have crossed the goal line. If I had had a warhead, a nuclear warhead, or multiple nuclear warheads. as they had been trying to build since the AMAD plan.

in early 2000s, there's no way Israel and the United States. would've hit me militarily, if I had nuclear weapons, then I would've had the ultimate deterrence to prevent that. And then I would be like Kim Jong Un with nuclear weapons, I would then build ICBMs. and then I'd have the ultimate deterrent to stop that. So he's gotta be thinking maybe now, and I can guarantee you, the revolutionary guards. Do you think that that might have anything to do. with the fact that America attacked Iraq and Libya.

when they did not have weapons of mass destruction programs? - Can I tell you the Libya example. I think Scott, is the most interesting one for me, right? Because the Libya example, it was a big mistake. By the way, Ukraine is another good example of this. We went to the Libyans. and we said, you must fully dismantle your program. And Gaddafi said, reluctantly under huge American pressure, okay, I'll do it. And the Brits and the Americans went in there. and literally hauled out his entire nuclear-. - It wasn't really a program, it was just a bunch of A.Q Khan's junk sitting in crates.

in a warehouse. They did not have the capability. to make a nuclear program at all in Libya. They didn't have the engineers, the scientists or anyone. So Gaddafi had bought that junk just to trade it away. Just to be clear, there never was a nuclear weapons program. or a nuclear program of any kind in Libya, unlike what you just heard. - But that wasn't my point. Okay. My point is, is he had a nuclear program. - Facts are important. - We can debate about, again, how we debating about whether again, its always Gaddafi and Khamenei. and all these people, they don't really want nuclear weapons. We just misunderstand them.

But that's not the point. The point is, we did a deal with Gaddafi. We pulled out his nuclear program. And then, I don't know how many years later, but it wasn't too many years later. - [Scott] Seven. - Seven years later, thank you Scott. We actually took Gaddafi out. And he didn't have a nuclear program. So we took him out in the Libya Operation. Now Ukraine is another great example. The Ukrainians after the fall of the Soviet Union, you know this, they had the Soviet nuclear arsenal. or good parts of it on their soil. So we went to them and we said,

all right, well here's a deal for you. Give up the nuclear arsenal, right? Off your territory. And we and the Russians and the French guarantee. your territorial integrity and your sovereignty. as a country. So the Ukrainians said fair deal to me. Gave up all their nuclear weapons. And then Putin has now invaded Ukraine twice. - That's not what Bucharest declaration says. That we promised their security, we promised to respect it. and the Russians promise too. And both sides broke that promise. But there is nothing like a guarantee-. - [Mark] That's my point.

- That America would protect Ukraine's sovereignty-. - [Mark] No, no, no. - If they gave up those nukes and they had no ability. to use those nukes anyway. because they were Soviet nukes with Soviet codes. They belonged to the Soviet military. and the Ukrainians would've had no ability. to use them or deliver. They were married to missiles that were made to fly. around the world, not to Russia next door. - But Scott, my point, and I think you'll agree with this. My point is, if you're Khamenei, and you've seen those two examples of Libya, you gave up your nuclear program, Gaddafi gets taken down, your Ukraine, you gave up your nuclear weapons.

and the Russians invaded twice. If you're Khamenei thinking to yourself, the only thing that matters more to me. than my nuclear weapons program is my regime survival. And in 12 days of war, the Israelis specifically, 'cause we hit Fordo and Isfahan and Natanz. We the United States hit those sites. We, the United States hit those sites. - The gleeful nature, Scott, like stop, take that out. There's no place here in this room with me. The un-American bullshit. Don't do that.

The implication here, man, is that I, me am un-American. I've been attacked just like the Russian hoax. for being a Putin show. I'm an American. - But when you talk about Ukraine's war with Russia, do you say we or do you say they? - I said we the United States. - Well you added the United States, but you were just described Israel strikes. - Israel didn't strike Fordo Scott. - He talked about the US attack. You're speaking to the other people.

that you've heard that somehow they do say we, and they talk about, I would say ridiculously. as if I've even heard some people basically put Israel. above US and they're American citizens. Yeah, that's fucking ridiculous. But none of those people are in this room. There are demons under the bed. I'm sure those people exist. There's ridiculous people on the internet. There's ridiculous people in Congress. who can criticize them, make fun of them, say they're-.

- But the foundation for defensive democracy. has been the vanguard of the war party. in this country for 25 years. - Well, that's a different criticism, but I was-. - [Scott] It's an important one. - Yes it is, but no, you just switched. You just switched. Well, you no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no. There's no un-Amer... You just switched from the un-American discussion. to criticizing policies at that particular institute. Fine criticizing policies, Do that, don't do the un-American bullshit, not here. - Lex, the Neoconservatism movement is the vanguard.

of the Israel lobby. That's who they are. That's what Neoconservatism is about. That's who the war party is. - I'm not a neoconservative. So I dunno who he's talking about, but I'm not a neoconservative. - [Lex] Let's not mixed stuff up there. - There is a massive Israel lobby in America, in Washington that is inseparable from here. from the American War party. - Yeah. Yeah. I've talked to John Mearsheimer. I respect him deeply. He's one of the most brilliant people. speaking on that topic. Great, great. Okay, let's just talk about today. and the nuclear proliferation. You guys have been brilliant on this. I'm learning a lot. Let's continue.

- Yeah, so I let's go back to where Khamenei may be. I mean, in a bunker, 86 years old thinking he's gonna drink the poisoned chalice. and agree to a deal with Donald Trump in Oman. Or is he gonna do all of the things. that Scott and I are concerned about? And one of those, and Scott has pointed this out rightly so, is he may decide now to break out for the nuke. or creep out for the nuke. He may decide not to do it now, he may decide to do it in three and a half years. when President Trump is gone, right?

And I think that the important thing is he's seen, we, the United States, we, took out Fordo and Natanz, and Isfahan in one operation with B2 bombers. and 12 30,000 pound massive ordnance penetrators. and tomahawk missile. So if he didn't think that the United States. had serious military power before, he now knows we do. - So to you, that operation was geopolitically a success?

It sends a message of strength that if you try to build, you're going to be punished for it. - So I've said online in the past 12 days, and even before that, curb your enthusiasm. Curb your enthusiasm. To all the people- - Related to which topic? - Yeah, just this sort of idea that this has been like, this unbelievable success and everything's great. and everything's gonna be amazing. And we've stopped the nuclear weapons program, and this has been a resounding success. I've just said, kind of curb your enthusiasm. Khamenei remains very dangerous. The regime reigns very dangerous.

A wounded animal is the most dangerous animal. in the animal kingdom. He retains key capabilities to build weapons. - You demanded unconditional surrender on Twitter. again last night, right? After Trump said, yes, there's a cease fire. - What does unconditional surrender mean? - It means no enrichment for dismantlement. - [Lex] Okay. - Yes, exactly right. It's exactly what President Trump, well I can't-. - But not regime change, unconditional surrender in World War II. meant the end of the Nazi regime. and the imperialist Japanese regime entirely, right? - But President Trump made it very clear. President Trump made it very clear. He made it clear, I don't support regime change.

- Well, except for that one post. - [Scott] A few hours earlier, right? - [Mark] I'll explain that one. 'Cause I thought it was really-. - [Lex] Can you analyze it like a Shakespeare? What is that? - [Mark] Yeah, yeah. - And what did he also mean? We have two countries that have been fighting. so long and so hard that they don't know. what the fuck they're doing, what's that about? - He was angry that Israel was still attacking. after he promised they weren't. He demanded they turn their planes around. He felt that they were doing it in defiance. of their agreement. - [Lex] But he didn't say Israel, he says both countries.

- Different quote. He did say, I demand, I believe it was a tweet from true social. I demand that Israel turn those planes around right now, was how upset he was about that. - Well, I guess Donald Trump doesn't listen to Bibi. all the time, does he? - Yeah, I guess he's finding out they respect him. about as much as they respect to Palestinian. - [Lex] Well, that's called world leaders. - He's just the help. So, you know. - World leaders are interested in their own nation. - [Scott] That's right. - And they you fuck you over. - Good important lesson there, everyone. - [Mark] But I think. - What does Israel care about? Israel. - Every country then defends his national interests. I mean, that's not unusual for Israel or any other country.

But way, I think to understand-. - So we're supposed to pretend. that, hey, whatever Israel needs, We're here to serve their interest. - If those people exist, they're un-American. If people put Israels interests-. - [Scott] He just said we fight terrorism together. - Well, we do. - We generate terrorism together. What are you talking about? - But that doesn't mean you put Israel's interest. above Americas, if you do, you're un-American. - You know how many American lives. - That's all I'm saying. - The Israeli intelligence community has saved? And ask people in the FBI and CIA. who work counter-terrorism, how many American lives the Israelis have saved.

because of their intelligence capabilities. - How about when Naftali Bennett, bombed that shelter full of women and children. and caused the September 11th attack? That's what happened. In fact, I don't know if you know the story, but you could Google this. You like Googling things. It's on Google Books. You can read "Perfect Soldiers," by Terry McDermott. Or you could read "The Looming Tower," by Lawrence Wright, where both of them explained. how when Shimon Peres launched Operation Grapes of Wrath, that Ramzi Binalshibh and Mohammed Atta. filled out their last will and testament,

which was like symbolically joining the army. to fight against the infidels, et cetera, et cetera. And when Bin Laden put out his first declaration of war. a couple of months later, it began with a whole rant about the 106 women and children. that Naftali Bennett had killed with an artillery strike. in a UN shelter in Kana in 1996. And he said, we'll never forget the severed arms. and heads and legs of the little babies, et cetera. And it was then that Mohammed Atta, and Ramzi Binalshibh decided that they would join Al-Qaeda.

And that these Egyptian engineering students. studying in Hamburg, Germany would volunteer. for the Saudi Sheik to kill 3,000 Americans. to get revenge for what Israel was doing to helpless women. and children in Lebanon, as well as of course-. - Of course that's ignores the history of Al-Qaeda, which for years before that was-. - Not on the United States. and Britain, and Saudi Arabia- - Not only planning. operations against the United States, but executing them. - You guys love pulling each other into history. - [Scott] No, no, no, the history is. America's problem with Al-Qaeda.

- Just one second, America problems are Israel-. America and Israel, are terrorists states-. - They were America's mercenaries. that we used in Afghanistan, in Bosnia. - It's all us. - Kosovo and Chechnya. - It's all us. - But they turned against us. - When I mean us, Scott, I mean America. - They turned against us. - It's all us Scott. - Anyone can read all Michael Scheuer's book, the former chief of the CIA's Bin Laden unit-. - We're responsible for our enemies attacking us. - It's called imperial hubris. And it's about how the number one reason they attacked us. was American bases on Saudi soil that bomb Iraq. as part of Israel's dual containment policy.

And the second reason was American support. for Israel in their merciless persecution. of the Palestinians and the Lebanese. - Well, that's the most articulate justification. I've ever heard for Al-Qaeda in my life. But let's-. - It's not a justification. I'm not saying that makes what they did right. I'm saying that was how Bin Laden recruited. his foot soldiers to attack this country, was by citing American foreign policies that were directly. to the detriment of the people of the Middle East. and specifically our support for Israel.

And I've never heard a pro, in fact I take that back. There's one guy, a liberal from "The Nation Magazine," named Eric Alterman, is the only pro-Israel guy I've ever heard say, "Well, that may be true, but I still say we gotta support Israel anyway.". The others, they'll just pretend. that Terry McDermott never wrote that book. That Lawrence Wright never wrote that book. That Mohammed Atta had no motive. to turn on the United States. except for Mohammed made him do it. When in fact, what it was is it was the ultra violence. of Shimon Peres and artillery Officer Naftali Bennett.

slaughtering women and children. that turned America's mercenaries, America backed the Arab Afghan army in Afghanistan, in Bosnia, in Kosovo, and in Chechnya, as I demonstrate in my book. And yet, as he correctly says, they turned on us, all through the 1990s. Bill Clinton was still backing them anyway, after they were attacking us and including at Khobar Towers. And they were doing that, this was a Bin Ladenite plot. Not Hezbollah, not the Shiites. This was the Bin Ladenites getting revenge against us.

for support for Israel. and being too close to their local dictators. that they wanted to overthrow, namely the King of Saudi. and the El Presidente of Egypt. That is the cause of the September 11th attack. against the United States. Not the Taliban hate freedom, but the Bin Ladenites hate American support. for Israel and America adopting Israeli centric policies. - I think Al-Qaeda hates America-. - Like Martin Indyk's dual containment policy in 1993. - I think Al-Qaeda hates America, Scott, I think-. - Why? You know what?

I'll tell you what, Ali Soufan you know, Ali Soufan, the former FBI agent, counter-terrorism agent, he wrote in his book "The Black Banners,". that the Bin Ladenites said to Bin Laden, we don't understand why you're so angry at America. They've been so good to us in Afghanistan, in Bosnia, in Kosovo, and now here in Chechnya. Why do you wanna attack them? - [Mark] And Bin Laden attacked America-. - And Bin Laden said. I have a larger agenda that you don't understand-. - Well the disagreeing between you is clear. I've talked to Noam Chomsky twice. Scott, you focus on the criticism.

- You should interview Michael Scheuer. Well, although he's gone pretty crazy lately. I don't know. Maybe not. - Anyway, we're going into history. We're learning a lot. The perspectives differ strongly. Can we look into the, maybe a ridiculous question, but a nuclear proliferation, you already started to speak both of you. If you look like 10, 20 years out now, does us attacking Iran, does that send a message. even to MBS, to other Middle Eastern nations. that they need to start thinking about.

a nuclear weapon program? Specifically, like do you think just in a numbers way, does the number of nukes in the world go up. in 10, 20, 30 years? - So, look, I think it's a great question. Whether it be more nuclear weapons, powers in the future, or less as a result of this decision by President Trump. So I actually think there'll be less, and I'll tell you succinctly as I can, and that is that it's been very clear from the Saudis, from the Turks, certainly from the,

even the Algerians and others, that if Iran gets a nuclear weapon, they too want a nuclear weapon. In fact, the Saudis have gone even further. and said, if Iran is allowed. to retain the key enrichment capability. that they have under JCPOA, that we want that too. If there's an Iran standard, we want the Iran standard. We don't want the gold standard. In fact, that's been the subject of intensive negotiations. between the United States and Saudi Arabia. for the past couple years, both under Biden and Trump,

as part of the US Saudi agreement, defense agreement and economic agreement. that has been underway. It's very clear that there's gonna be a proliferation. cascade in the Middle East. if the Iranians get a nuclear weapon. and certainly if they're allowed. to retain this enrichment capability. I also worry about, we haven't even talked about it. at all this conversation. I mean, the most important area in the world. for the United States is not the Middle East. It's China and the Indo-Pacific. And I worry that the South Koreans, the Taiwanese,

and the Japanese will say, you know what, we don't trust in any US commitments. to stop nuclear weapons. You failed on Iran. We don't trust you. We don't trust your nuclear umbrella. We too want nuclear weapons. in order to guard our security against China. And so what you would see, I hope it doesn't happen, but I worry about is this gonna proliferation cascade. in the Middle East and in the Indo-Pacific, two of the most important areas. for American national security, which is why I think it's very important.

that Iran's be stopped. Now, whether this attack succeeds. in stopping Iran's nuclear weapon or accelerates it, we disagree, but I think neither us know yet, hard to predict. But what I think is absolutely certain. is that if Iran develops that nuclear weapon. and is allowed to retain the key capabilities to do so, you're gonna see five, six countries in the Middle East, at least three, four countries in the Indo-Pacific, asking for the same capability. And then you're gonna have a club.

of nuclear weapons powers, that will have an additional five, six, seven, over the next 10 to 20 years. - What if they don't, what if they're prevented? Doesn't that still send the same message to everybody. that they should build? - Oh, I think it sends the opposite message, Lex. I think if they see what has happened. and that it's successful and it stopped Iran. from developing nuclear weapons. And in addition, Trump was able to negotiate an agreement. for zero enrichment and full dismantlement,

then the message to all these other countries is, number one, you don't need it. And number two, if you try to get it, then the United States is going to use American power. Now, I'm not suggesting the United States. is gonna start bombing the Saudis or the Turks. or the Emiratis. Clearly not the Japanese, I mean many of them are allies. But I think the United States retains many tools, counterproliferation tools to prevent these countries. from developing nuclear weapons, including, you know, sanctions and export controls. and many of the things. And plus I think those countries, you know,

understand that in the Middle East, despite Scott's focus on Israel, you know, when you talk to Arab leaders, their biggest concern is the threat from Iran. It's not the threat from Israel. They're not concerned with the threat from Israel. That's why you had the Abraham Accords. You know, this is why the UAE and Bahrain and Morocco. entered into this peace agreement with Israel. The Saudis will one day and they'll bring. many other Arab and Muslim countries in it. They don't say Israel as a threat. They see Iran as a threat.

And so if you counter that threat, you eliminate Iran's nuclear weapons proliferation. and expansion, those countries now no longer have to build. nuclear weapons capabilities to counter the Iranians. Now we've also restored our credibility. We don't bluff, we said Iran doesn't develop nuclear weapons, they won't. And now it's the Japanese who have, as Scott rightly pointed out, they do have reprocessing. and plutonium capabilities.

The Taiwanese who used to have a military. nuclear weapons program and gave it up, and the South Koreans who agreed to our gold standard. of zero enrichment, zero reprocessing, those three countries can now say, okay, we rely on the United States on your word, on your power, and on your ability to actually turn words into action. We don't need nuclear weapons. So I'd say if successful, big if, big if. If successful, then it's going to be a significant guard.

against the potential of greater nuclear proliferation. And we will have less nuclear weapons powers. than than we otherwise would've. - My favorite thing is when you guys point out, when you agree with the other person. Anyway, Scott, what do you think? What do you think everything that's just happened. over the past two weeks. does to nuclear proliferation. over the next five. 10, 20 years? - Oh, I mean, I really don't know for sure, but I would think that there's a very great danger.

that it's going to reinforce the lessons of North Korea, Iraq, and Libya, which is, you better get a nuke. to keep America out. and you better hurry before it's too late. Now for the Saudis, they're not gonna do that. 'cause they're obviously a very close American client state. So it's a different dynamic there. But you know, for any country that has trouble. with the United States or is worried about the future. of their ability to maintain their national sovereignty, obviously getting their hands on an a bomb. as quickly as possible has been, you know,

re-incentivized to a great degree. Also really worried about the future. of the Nonproliferation Treaty. With a nuclear weapon, states promised to respect the right. of non-nuclear weapon states to civilian nuclear energy. And where here you have a non-NPT signatory. nuclear weapon state, Israel, launch an aggressive war against an NPT signatory. that was not attacking them. and was not making nuclear weapons.

And with the assistance of the World Empire, the United States, another nuclear weapons state signatory. to the NPT, and I don't really take this that seriously, but it's worth at least listening to is, Medvedev, the once and probably future president of Russia. He said, oh yeah, well maybe we'll just give him a nuke. or kind of implied, maybe get Pakistan too. Now for people familiar with like like Key and Peele, Medvedev is sort of angry Obama, right, for Putin, you know, that skit where it's like Obama talks all calm.

- And anger translated. - Peel goes off. like an angry black guy kind of character, right? - [Lex] He's been going nuts on Twitter. - Yeah, Medvedev, he goes way out, you know, above and beyond. But I think he's probably acting on instructions. to talk that way. And it is a real risk. that the MPT could just fall apart when it becomes... When it's treated so callously by the United States. who invented it and insisted that the rest of the world. adopt the thing to such a great degree. - Trump did say, don't use the N word.

He talked down to Medvedev. - [Scott] That's right. Yeah, he did. - [Lex] Don't throw around the nuclear word. - [Scott] Yeah, well, and I appreciate that. - [Lex] Yeah it's good, and excuse to write. He's writing that, it's serious thing. - And look, the Pakistanis could give a nuke to Iran. who are their friends, I think not the tightest of allies. I'm not saying I predict that, but there's a danger that. Now when it comes to, you know, Eastern Asia, obviously there's a concern about. a Chinese threat to Taiwan, and nobody thinks China's coming. for South Korea or Japan.

The question of Taiwan is one that's very different. because as the American president agreed. with Mao Mao Zedong 50 years ago, Taiwan is part of China and eventually will be reunited, although we hope that's not by force. Since then, they have essentially abandoned Marxism, although it's still a one party authoritarian state, but they've essentially abandoned Marxism, adopted markets, at least to the degree. that they've been able to afford. to now build up a giant naval force. that is capable of retaking Taiwan.

And so I think the way to prevent that. is not from making a bunch of threats. and setting examples in other places about how tough we are, but to negotiate with the Chinese and the Taiwanese. and figure out a way to reunite the two in a peaceful way. in order to prevent that war from breaking out. Because in fact, we don't really have the naval. and air capability to defend Taiwan. We could lose a lot of guys trying. and probably kill a lot of Chinese trying, but in the end, they'd probably take Taiwan anyway.

and we'd have lost a bunch of ships and planes for nothing. So we can negotiate an end to that. And then even if America just withdrew from the region, we could still negotiate long-term agreements between China, Japan, South Korea, and whoever. There's no reason to think that everyone. would make a mad scramble to a bomb to protect them. the moment they are out from under. America's nuclear umbrella and so forth. And the fact of the matter is that, you know,

the greatest threat to the status quo. as far as nuclear powers go, probably is what just happened. America and Israel launching this war. against a non-nuclear weapon state. as a member in good standing of this treaty. throws the whole, as they call it, the liberal rules based world order into question. I mean, if these rules repeatedly always apply. to everyone else, but very often not to us, then are they really the law.

or this is just the will of men in Washington DC. and how long do we expect the rest of the world to go ahead. and abide by that if you know a deal is a deal. until we decide, as Bill Clinton said, to wake up one morning. and decide that we don't like it anymore and change it. That was a phrase from the Founding Act of '97. Huh, maybe we'll wake up one morning. and decide that we don't wanna do something else entirely. - Is that your Bill Clinton impression? - [Scott] No, I'll spare you. - Okay. - [Scott] That was pretty good, after the show when we're not recording. - Can I respond to a couple things here?

Just really quickly, I'll try to do it quickly. First of all, you know, the notion that Iran is in full compliance with the NPT. is just not the case. The International Atomic Energy Agency has made it clear. in report after report after report. that Iran is in violation of its obligations. under the protocols of the IAEA. Under the request that the IAEA have made. and under the NPT. So they're a serial violator of the NPT, unlike all these other countries we've been talking about. that are our allies.

Second is this quote, "Iran is not attacking Israel.". That's quite an amazing quote, which kind of ignores. I think 50, 60 years of Iranian attacks against Israel, including suicide bombings and missiles and drones. And October 7th. And it's indisputable that Iran has been attacking Israel. and they've been doing it for many years.

through their terror proxies that they fund. and finance and weaponize. And since October 7th, they directly struck Israel. with hundreds of ballistic missiles in April. and October of last year. So this notion that before 12 days ago, Iranians were just playing nice with the Israelis. and the Israelis just came out-. - [Scott] I didn't say that- - Out of the blue. Well, you said quote unquote Iran is not attacking Israel. So I mean, it's just not true. - Yeah, they were not in a state of war. until Israel launched a state of war. That's the fact. - Yeah, they were at war. - Everyone knows that.

You go, oh, well they backed a group that did a thing. Yeah, okay. - That killed thousands. of Israelis, maimed thousands of Israelis. - But that attack was not ordered in Tehran. "The Wall Street Journal," says that US intelligence. does not believe that Tehran ordered that attack. But they found out about what everybody else else said. - What "The Wall Street Journal," says. and the US intelligence says, and we can dispute whether they directed it on October 7th. Everybody knows indisputably that Iran financed Hamas, provided Hamas weapons. - [Scott] So did Israel. - Just a second,

provided Hamas with weapons, that the IRGC and the Quds force were training Hamas, Hezbollah backed by Iran was training Hamas. There were three meetings before October 7th, one in Beirut, one in Damascus, and one in Tehran where the IRGC, Hezbollah, Hamas, and Palestinian Islamic Jihad were together. There was a meeting in Tehran, there was attended by Khamenei the supreme leader. Now at those three meetings right before October 7th, you know, maybe they're discussed in the weather, maybe they were discussing Persian poetry, I don't know. But it is hard to believe they weren't discussing something.

And the fact that they had armed Hamas, financed Hamas, and weaponized Hamas suggests to me. that there is pretty overwhelming evidence. that Iran has been at war with Israel for decades. - Critics of Israel will say that Benjamin Netanyahu. has also been indirectly financing Hamas. by allowing the funds going-. - And they'll say that America backs Israel, so anything Israel does is America's responsibility too. under that same logic, right? - I think you started to make a point.

disagreeing with Scott about that they're not a good member. of the NPT. - That's all tiny technical violations. None of that has anything to do with weaponization. It's always so, yeah, how do you explain this isotope? And they go, well, it must've came with the Pakistani junk. that we bought from A.Q. Khan. And then later that's verified. And they go, yeah, well we won't inspect this. Let us, and they go, no. And then they do a year later. and then they find nothing there. - Yeah. That's just not the case. - The entire speaking history of the IEAE's objections. to Iran. - Yeah, so your listeners, I know they're not gonna do it. 'cause it's a lot of technical-.

- Nothing to do with weaponization. - But just go out out and read-. - Diversion of Nuclear material. - IAEA reports dating back at least 20 years. and you'll see the IAEA meticulously, methodically, dispassionately outlining. all of the violations that Iran has embarked on. of the NPT. - Virtually all those are resolved later. They won't answer this, And then later they do. Well, they won't answer that. And then later they do. - And many open files are still there. I mean, just again, like I just want your viewers.

to walk away from this conversation thing. Okay. That's interesting. I didn't know that. And that I'm gonna go fact check Mark and fact check Scott. and just kind of see what this is all about, right? Because otherwise it's just he says, she says, or he says, he says, the fact of the matter is, is that Iran has been in violations of its obligations. under the NPT, under the additional protocol. it never ratified. Under its safeguards, obligations under the NPT.

It suggests a pattern of nuclear mendacity. - They abided by the additional protocol. without having ratified it. They abided by it for three years. and did not proceed with any enrichment at all. as long as they were dealing in good faith. with the EU until W. Bush ruined those negotiations. and closed them down, only then did they begin. to install the centrifuges at Natanz. - [Mark] It's always the Americans who screw things up. - You complain they didn't ratify the thing, but they abided by it for years. - [Lex] So that's an interesting disagreement. - [Mark] They were in violation of it. - But I think a more pragmatic, important disagreement.

that we already spoke to is how do we decrease the incentive. for Iran to build nuclear programs, not just the next couple years, but the next 10, 20 years. You're mocking that. There's a lot of people that will, there's neocons that say basically invade everything, let's make money off of war. But there's people that will say that, you know, operation Midnight Hammer is actually a focused, hard demonstration of strength, a piece of strength. that is an effective way to do geopolitics.

I mean, there's cases to be made for all of it. - If we're really lucky. - Yeah. So it's a big risk is your case. - So here's some practical recommendations. that I think the United States should follow. I think the first is, you know, get the Iranians back to Oman, negotiate with them. and do a deal. Again, the deal has to be no enrichment, full dismantlement. I think for the reasons we talked about today, Scott and I passionately disagreed. But that's fine, this is a reasonable debate. Neither of us is crazy. Neither of us is rational. It is, what would it take to get a deal with Iran?

I say this is the deal. This has to be our red line. Scott disagrees, that's fine, but we gotta get a deal. In that deal we gotta provide them. financial incentives, right? We're gonna have to lift a certain number of sanctions. because they're gonna have to get something. in return, okay? And we can argue about exactly how much, but I think our opening negotiating position. is no sanctions relief. And then we'll get negotiated down from that, right? I mean, Lex, I think a lot of this is about. how do you position yourself for negotiation?

How do you come in with leverage? And then how do you find areas of compromise. where you satisfy your objectives? One is Oman, two is the credible threat. of military force needs to remain, right? Khamenei needs to understand. that the United States of America. and Israel will use military force. to stop him from developing nuclear weapons. If he didn't believe that before, 12 days ago. He now believes that. And I think that's the credibility of that military force. has to be maintained in order to ensure. that he does not break out or sneak out to a nuclear weapon.

I think that's absolutely critical. Third is, I think we have to reach agreements. with all the other countries in the Middle East to say, hey listen, we're demanding zero enrichment. and full dismantlement from the Iranians. You don't get enrichment. and you don't get a nuclear program. that is capable of developing nuclear weapons. Our gold standard is the American standard. Civilian nuclear energy, like 23 countries, no enrichment and reprocess. We should be consistent. We should be consistent not just with American allies, but also very clear with American enemies.

I think that's the third important thing we do. Fourth is I think we, it's really important. that we find some kind of accommodation. between the Israelis and the Palestinians. We can go down many rabbit holes on that, but I think that lays the predicate. for a Saudi Israeli normalization deal. that then brings in multiple Arab countries. and Muslim countries. And finally is, we talked about the Abraham Accords. I think we need to start thinking about. what do the Cyrus Accords look like, right?

Cyrus was the great Persian king, right? Who by the way brought the, you know, the Jews back from the diaspora to Jerusalem. And Cyrus Accords would be, let's find an agreement. between the United States and Israel and Iran, right? That would be a remarkable transformation in the region. if we could actually do that. So imagine a Middle East, and again, I know this sounds fanciful, but I think this is what Trump has in mind. when he starts to talk about the things. you're seeing in these Truth posts, is actually a Middle East.

that can be fundamentally transformed. where we actually do bring peace between Israel, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the rest of these countries. I by the way, completely agree with you on Syria, the idea that we are trusting a former Al-Qaeda ISIS. jihadist to rule Syria, I think is a big bet President Trump has made, he's made it on the advice of MBS. We'll see how that transforms or transpires. and see if Syria has transformed.

But the notion that somehow we should just be, rolling the dice, lifting all the sanctions. and taking this former Al-Qaeda jihadist at his word. is a big bet. If we got the bet right, that is actually a remarkable occurrence. because now all of a sudden Syria and Lebanon. are brought into this Abraham Accord, Cyrus Accord's structure. And then we actually have, what I think all three of us want, is peace in the Middle East, stability in the Middle East. I don't think we need democracy in the Middle East.

I think if the Middle East looked like the UAE, that'd be a pretty good Middle East. I think we'd all be pretty comfortable with that. if that kind of stability and prosperity. And ultimately you could put these countries on a pathway. to greater democracy the way that we did during the Cold War. where countries like Taiwan and South Korea. that were military dictatorships. ended up becoming pro western democracies. So that's kind of stepping back maybe a little bit. pllyannish, but I think we should also always keep in mind. what a potential vision for peace could look like.

- So Scott, as many people know, here in Austin, Texas, you're the Director of the Libertarian Institute. Let's zoom out a bit. What are the key pillars of libertarianism. and how that informs how you see the world? - Well, the very basis of libertarianism. is the non-aggression principle, but which essentially is the same thing. as our social rules for dealing with each other. in private life. No force, no theft, no fraud,

and keep your hands to yourself. And we apply that same moral law to government. And so, you know, some libertarians are an anti-capitalist, some are so-called minarchists, meaning we want the absolute minimum amount. of government a night watchman type state. In other words, just enough to enforce contracts. and protect property rights. and allow freedom in a free market to work. There's also, of course, natural rights theory, Austrian school economics and a lot of revisionist history.

And something very key to libertarian theory. is expressed by Marianna Rothbard was that war. is the key to the whole libertarian business. because especially in the United States of America, as long as we maintain a world empire, makes it impossible for us to have a limited. and decentralized government here at home. as our constitution describes. And so I was gonna crack a joke, but neither of you have called me an isolationist yet. But I was gonna joke that yes,

as Thomas Jefferson wrote in the Declaration of Isolation, the same guy, a principal author. of the Declaration of Isolation, he said in his first inaugural address, we seek peace, commerce and honest friendship. with all nations and entangling alliances with none. And that's the true libertarian philosophy. Thank Dr. Ron Paul, the great congressman for many years. up there, he was supposed to all sanctions, all economic war on the rest of the world. and the entire state of the United States as world empire. And what's strange now is that anyone who wants just peace.

as the standard is considered an isolationist. And people who are for world empire. and a permanent state of conflict. with the rest of the world, economic war, Coups and regime changes and even invasions, those are considered normal people. It's almost like people who want peace. should be called CIS foreign policy. Because now we have to come up with a funny word. to describe a normal state of being. When no one calls Mexico an isolationist state.

It's 'cause they mind their own business. And is there any faction anywhere in America. that calls themselves isolationist? Even the paleo conservatives. who favor much more like trade protectionism. and that kind of thing than libertarians. They don't call themselves isolationists, they still want to have an open relationship with the world. to some degree. When isolation means like the hermit kingdom of North Korea. or some crazy thing like that. No one wants that for the United States of America.

What we want is independence, non interventionism and peace. - So to you, isolationism is a kind of dirty word. - [Scott] That's right, it's a smear term. - It's a smear term. - Invented by interventionists. and internationalists to attack anyone. who didn't want to go along with their agenda. The term itself is used essentially. as a smear against anyone who doesn't want to go to war. - So can you actually just deeper describe. what non interventionism means? So how much sort of display of military strength.

should be there, do you think? - Dr. Paul said we could defend this country. with a couple of good submarines. Which by the way, for people who don't know, one American Trident sub could essentially. kill every city and military base in Russia, just one. So he's absolutely right about that. A couple of good submarines are enough to defend. our coast and deter anyone from messing. with the United States of America. And then I admit, I'm little bit idealistic about this, that I think of that old William Jennings Bryan speech, "Beholder Republic," where unlike the empires of Europe.

burdened under the weight of militarism, here we have a free country. And where you know what we could do? We could be the host a peace conferences everywhere. There are frozen conflicts in the Donbas, in Leningrad, in Transtria, in Taiwan, in Korea, virtually all the borders of Africa and Eurasia. were drawn by European powers to either divide.

and conquer their enemies. or artificially group their enemies together. in order to keep them internally divided. and conquered in those ways. So there are great many borders in the world. that are in contention. and that people might even want to fight about. And I think that America could play a wonderful role. in helping to negotiate. and resolve those types of conflicts. without resorting to force or even making any promises. on the part of the US government. Like we'll pay Egypt to pretend to be nice to Israel. or anything like that, but just find ways to host conferences.

and find resolutions to these problems. And I think quite sincerely, that Donald Trump right now could get on a plane to Tehran. He could then go to Moscow, to Beijing and Pyongyang, and he could come home and be Trump the great, we in fact don't have to have the... Especially the American hyper power as the French called it, of the world empire. We have everything to give, nothing to lose, to go ahead. And Donald Trump even talked like this. You might remember when he first was sworn in this time,

he said, you know what, instead of pivoting from terrorism. to great power competition with Russia and China, I don't wanna do that. I just want to get along with both of them. Let's just move on and have the rest of the century. be peace and prosperity and not fighting at all. Why should we have to pivot to China? Let's just pivot to capitalism and trade and freedom. and peace, hat's America first. - Yeah, I've criticized Trump a lot, but I think maybe he's just rhetoric, but I think he talks about peace a lot.

Even just recently, the number of times the word peace is mentioned. and with seriousness not... You get like a genuine desire for peace from him. And that's just beautiful to see for the leader. of this country. - And look man, there used to be a time. when a third of the planet was dominated. by the communists, right? So like, I'm not gonna sit here. and argue the first Cold War with you. My book's about the second one. and I'm not as good on the first. But since the end of the first Cold War, we have let the neoconservative policy.

of the defense planning guidance of '92. and rebuilding America's defenses. and the rest of this American dominance. centered policy control our entire direction in the world. It's led to the war on terrorism in the Middle East, seven countries we've attacked. It's led to the disaster in Eastern Europe. and it's toward disaster in Eastern Asia. when there's just no reason in the world. that it has to be this way with the commies dead and gone.

And again, to stipulate here, the Chinese flag is still red. It's still a one party dictatorship, but they have abandoned Marxism. I mean people were starving to death. by the tens of millions there. It's a huge, it's probably the greatest improvement. in the condition of mankind anywhere ever. in the shortest amount of time. when Deng Xiaoping and the right wing. of the communist party took over in that country. - Just one more thing, you mentioned the two submarines. What's the role of nuclear weapons? - Well, I would like for America.

to have an extremely minimal nuclear deterrent. and work toward a world free of nuclear weapons. And I know that that sounds utopian. However, I would remind your audience that Ronald Reagan. and Mikhail Gorbachev came within a hair. of achieving a deal just like that at Reykjavík, Iceland. in 1986. And they were both of them dead serious about it, complete and total nuclear disarmament. And then Reagan was essentially bullied by Richard Pearl. and others on his staff saying,

you promised the American people. that you would build them a defensive anti-missile system, the Star Wars system, which was total pie in the sky technological fantasy. of the 1980s. And if you're getting rid of all the ICBMs, then why the hell do a need a missile shield anyway. is the world's probably greatest tragedy. that ever took place that Ronald Reagan walked away. from those negotiations. They literally were within a hair and it wasn't magic. and there was no trust in evil bad guys. This is by the way, two years before the wall came down,

this is when everybody still thought the USSR. was gonna last. And Reagan... The plan was that America and the Soviet Union. would dismantle our nuclear weapons. until we were right around with parody. with the other nuclear weapons states. who all have right around two or 300 nukes. France, Britain at that time, Israel and China, Indian Pakistan came later. South Africa only had a few of them. they gave up whatever they had. And the idea was we would get down to two or 300, and then America and the Soviet Union both together.

with lean hard on Britain, France, and China, let's all get down to 100, let's all see if we can get down to 50, et cetera like that in stages. Again, Ronald Reagan we're talking about here, trust but verify means do not trust at all. It means be polite while you verify. And in fact, America did help dismantle. upwards of 60 something thousand Soviet nuclear missiles. after the end of the Cold War. And so it is possible to live in a world. where at the very least we have a situation.

where the major powers have a few nukes. And potentially can even come to an arrangement. to get rid of the rest. - We should also just say one more thing, not to be ageist, but most of the major leaders with nukes. and those with power in the world. are in their 70s and 80s. I dunno if that contributes to it, but they kind of are grounded in a different time. I have a hope for the fresher younger leaders.

to have a more optimistic view towards peace. and to be able to reach towards peace. - And yeah, underlying so much. of what we're talking about here is all this enmity, right? But if America could just work, remember when China cut that pseudo sort of peace deal. between Saudi and Iran a couple years ago. or last year was it? We could try to double up on that. We could try to come up with ways for Saudi and Iran. to exchange as much as possible. You know, I know you don't like all the, going back too far in history, but it's important.

It's in my book that in 1993, Zbigniew Brzezinski, who the revolution had happened on his watch , Operation Eagle Claw, the disaster of the rescue mission. in '79 after the hostage crisis and everything, all that egg was on Z Bee's face. But in '93 he said, we should normalize relations. We should build an oil pipeline across Iran. so they can make money, we can make money. and we can start to normalize. And Ronald Reagan's secretary of state, Alexander Haig, who had been Kissinger's right hand man, agreed.

They both were trying to push that. But the Clinton administration went ahead with Martin Indyk, who had been Yitzhak Shamir's man. And inaugurated the dual containment policy instead. 'Cause the Israelis were concerned. that America had just beaten up on Iraq so bad. in Iraq War I, that now Iraq wasn't powerful enough. to balance against Iran. So America had to stay in Saudi. to balance against them both. And that was the origin of the dual containment policy. It was Martin Indyk who had been Yitzhak Shamir's man. who pushed it on Clinton. And this was not the Israelis, it was the Kuwaiti's who lied.

that there was a truck bomb attempt assassination. against H.W. Bush, which was a total hoax. It was debunked by Seymour Hersh by the end of the year. It was just a whiskey smuggling ring. And it was the same guy whose daughter had claimed. to have seen the Iraqi soldiers. throw the babies outta the incubators. He was the guy who two years later. made up this hoax about Saddam Hussein. trying to murder Bush Sr. But when he did that was when Bill Clinton finally gave in. and adopted the dual containment policy.

'cause he had been interested in potentially reaching out. to Saddam and the Ayatollah both at that time. But instead of having normalization with both, we had to have permanent Cold War. through the end of the century with both. And my argument is simply, it just didn't have to be that way. Is the same thing with Russia. Look at, you know, how determined the Democrats especially. are to have this conflict with Russia. Or to Donald Trump? Nah, not at all. We could get along with them. And so it's perfectly within reason. If the Zbigniew Brzezinski says we can talk with Iran.

and get along with Iran. And Donald Trump says we can get along with Russia. Then the same thing for North Korea. The same thing for China. And then who do we have left to fight? - [Lex] Hezbollah? - Hezbollah's, nothing without Iran. - We'll just have Scott and I fighting. That'll be the last remaining two. - [Lex] That's the fun kind of fight. - That'll be a fun- - Okay, Mark, you're the CEO of FDD, the Foundation For Defensive Democracies. It's a DC based organization.

that focuses on national security and foreign policy. What has been your approach to solving. some of these problems of the world? - So look, I love the vision that Scott painted. and I agree with some of the libertarian instincts. that he has. But my view is that America is the indispensable power. Scott mentioned earlier in the conversation. about the rules based order that is so important and the NPT. and all these rules-based agreements.

that are important to maintain. Well, the rules-based order has been maintained. by the United States since World War II, right? There is no American prosperity to the degree that we have. There's no recovery of Europe, there's no recovery of Asia. after the devastation of World War II. without American power. And the rules-based order that America has led and backstop. And I think America first. is about American power and deterrence. I think if you wanna avoid war,

I think you cannot just believe in some fantasy. where all the world's leaders are gonna get together. in some place and are just gonna agree. to disarm all their nuclear weapons. And we'll disarm our entire military. and we'll have one submarine off our coast. And some of all of that is gonna lead to peace. I mean, I think what has led to peace in the past. has been the American forward deterrence of our military. And a belief that our enemies think we will credibly use it.

I think if they believe we'll credibly use it, then it's less likely they will challenge us. And if they less likely to challenge us. and challenge our allies, it's less likely to be war. So for me, deterrence leads to peace. and any kind of unilateral disarmament, any kind of, I think sort of fanciful notion. that somehow our enemies are gonna respect. the non-aggression principle. That is the core fundamental underpinnings.

of libertarianism, which I think in a personal relationship, I think is very important. But remember, these are aggressors. They don't respect the non-aggression principle. I think we can spend a lot of time, we did over how many hours now as it been? Talking about the fact that Scott's view of the world, it's America that provokes it's America that provokes, and then if not America provoking, it's Israel provoking. And oh by the way, America provokes. because we're being seduced or paid. or brow beaten by those Israelis.

and you know, those Jews in America. I mean, I think that whole notion somehow. we are the provocative force in global politics, I think is wrong. I think the fact of the matter is we make mistakes. We are an imperfect nation. We have made some serious, sometimes catastrophic mistakes, but there is a bad world out there. There are evil men who wanna do us harm. and we have to prevent them from doing us harm.

And to do that, we need an American military. that is serious and well supported. We don't need a military industrial complex. that ultimately is gonna pull us into wars. We need thoughtful leaders like President Trump. who will resist that and will say, at the end of the day, I will use force when it is selective, narrow, overwhelming and deadly. And that was Trump's operation just a few days ago. He went after three key facilities that were being used.

to develop the capability for nuclear weapons. Nuclear weapons are the greatest danger to humanity. I totally agree with Scott. Like I think a world without nuclear weapons, the kind of world that Reagan envisioned. and others have envisioned since. is really the only way we can eliminate. the most devastating weapons that could end humankind. But we have to make sure that those weapons. don't end up in the hands of regimes. that seek to do us harm. and that have done us harm over many, many decades.

So yeah, I mean deterrence, peace through strength, rules-based order. The Foundation For Defense Of Democracies. is not the foundation for promotion of democracy. We don't believe in this important concept. that we have to promote democracy around the world. I'll speak for myself. 'cause we have many people at my think tank. We're 105 people. We have different views. I don't personally believe that it is the role. of the United States to bring democracy to the Middle East. or democracy around the world. I think to the extent we've tried, we failed. I'm not sure the Middle East is ready for democracy.

Now Iran is interesting. because it's not an Arab country, right? It is a different country altogether culturally, it's a very sophisticated country. It has a long history. It actually has a history. where it has had democracy in the past. It is a country that I think could have incredible potential. under the right leadership. and under the right circumstances. I don't know if the right circumstances. are a constitutional monarchy with Reza Pahlavi. as the Crown Prince or the Shah. I don't know whether it's a secular democracy or not.

Let Iranians make that decision. - Have I been pronouncing it wrong this whole time? - Reza Pahlavi. - You know the guy? - I met him. Yeah, yeah. - Pahlavi. - Pahlavi. - [Lex] What were you saying? - I thought it was Palavi. - [Lex] Oh wow. - Yeah. No, it's okay. - [Lex] It's heartbreaking. - The only thing you've ever gotten wrong. is pronouncing Pahlavi. That's not bad. That's not bad. - [Lex] You've been pronouncing so many things correctly. I think people will give you a pass. - Can I ask you though, like I mean. All this militarization has led to a state of permanent war.

We've been bombing Iraq for 34 years. We put a war against the Taliban. who didn't attack us instead of Al-Qaeda who did. Fought for 20 years, and the Taliban won anyway. We launched an aggressive war against Saddam Hussein, put the Ayatollah's best friends in power. Launched an aggressive war against Libya. on this ridiculous hoax that Gaddafi. was about to murder every last man, woman, and child in Benghazi. Imagine Charlotte, North Carolina being wiped off the map,

Barack Obama lied in order to start that war. and completely destroyed Libya. It's now three pieces, in a state of semi-permanent civil war, including, and this wasn't just back then, this is to this day the re-legalization. and the reinstitutionalization of chattel slavery. of Sub-Saharan black Africans in Libya to this day. as a result. Our intervention, this was not a direct overt war, but America, Israel, Saudi, Qatar, and Turkey all backed the Bin Ladenites in Syria. Completely destroyed Syria,

to the point where the caliphate grew up. And then we had to launch a Iraq war III, to destroy the caliphate again. And so I'm not seeing the peace through strength. I'm saying permanent militarism. and permanent war through strength. - Point well made. He's speaking to the double-edged sword. of a strong military. That what you mentioned that Trump did, seems like a very difficult thing to do, which is keep it hit hard and keep it short. - We don't know how this ended yet. - But even the beginning part is not trivial to do.

Like just hitting one mission. and vocalizing except for one post, no regime change, like really pushing peace, make a deal, cease fire. Like that's an uncommon way to operate. So I guess you said. that we should resist a military industrial complex. that's not easy to do. That's the double-edged sword of a strong military. - [Scott] You forgot Yemen. Lemme say real quick and I promise.

I'm gonna say one thing and I'll stop. - You made your point. - I just want to add this is a really important point, okay? Is grassroots efforts. There is no Houthi lobby in America. It was grassroots efforts by libertarians, Quakers, and leftists to get war powers resolutions introduced. in Trump's first term to stop the war in Yemen, which was launched not for Israel, for Saudi Arabia. and UAE by Barack Obama in 2015. - [Mark] That's a first. - It's not a first, the Afghan war wasn't about Israel either, okay? But this Yemen war was-.

- [Mark] I thought 9/11 was about Israel. - Well, it was in great part, but the decision to sack, cobble and do a regime change. and all that had nothing to do with the Likud whatsoever, other than, well we gotta keep the war going. long enough to go to Baghdad. - Oh, okay. So it was Israel's fault. - I was in the middle of saying about the war in Yemen. that we got the war powers resolution through twice. and Trump vetoed it twice. And his man, Pete Navarro explained to "The New York Times,". that this was just welfare for American industry.

A lot of industrialists were angry about the tariffs. disrupting trade with China, and somehow they substituted Raytheon. for all American industries somehow, and said industry will be happy if we funnel. a lot of money to Raytheon. That's Pete Navarro talking to "The New York Times,". about why they continued the war in Yemen. throughout Trump's entire first term. He had no interest in it at all. The whole thing was... It was Obama's fault. The whole thing was essentially on autopilot. And what was he doing? He's flying as Al-Qaeda's Air Force.

against the Houthis, who originally if you go back. to January of 2015, America was passing intelligence. to the Houthis to use to kill Al-Qaeda. You know, AQAP, the guys that tried to blow up the plane. over Detroit with the underpants bomb on Christmas Day 2009? That did all those horrific massacres in Europe, real Osama Bin Ladenite terrorists, the Houthis were our allies against them. before Barack Obama stabbed them in the back. And why did Trump keep that going. when he inherited that horrific war from Barack Obama? Why'd he do it? According to his trade guy, so that they could keep funneling American taxed.

and inflated dollars into the pocketbooks of stockholders. of Raytheon Incorporated. - Right, military industrial complex. The point was made. - Yeah, maybe I could respond to that. 'Cause I mean, again, it's always America's fault. according to Scott. - Just take a jab at each other. - No, no, but Saudi and UAE asked Barack Obama. for permission to start that war. and for American help in prosecuting it. And he said yes, and then helped them do it. - Okay, I'm gonna segue into an answer. 'Cause I think it deserves an answer. Military industrial complex is a serious concern.

Because I think you're right. You know, the bigger it gets and the more weapons you have, you think the more, the greater the temptation to use it, right, I think that's sort of the argument. And then there's also self enrichment. and how much money can be made. And all of that I think is of serious concern to people. Look, I think Trump is somebody who... It's hard pressed to say that Donald Trump. is a great advocate of the military industrial complex, or that he is in their pocket.

The same way that he's in the pocket of the Israelis. and in the pocket of the Saudis. and in the pocket of everybody. I mean, I think the one thing with Trump is, that Trump has learned the lessons. of American engagement over the past few decades. And I think Scott's done a good job. of kind of laying out the mistakes have been made, even though, you know, we can discuss. about causal connections and who's responsible. And, you know, I lean on-. - [Scott] Can we? I want to. - Well, Scott, can I finish? Because, you know, you causal of connection is always, it's America aggressing, Israel aggressing, and all these poor people responding to us.

But nonetheless, I think Trump has... He's learned the lessons, but he hasn't overlearned the lessons. He's not paralyzed by Iraq or Afghanistan, or the mistakes made by his predecessors. He understands that at the end of the day, we need serious American power. We need lethal power. We need four deterrents. And he's been very careful and very selective. about how he uses American power. I mean, we've talked about it. throughout this whole conversation. Trump used American power to kill Qasem Soleimani,

one of the world's most dangerous terrorists. He killed Baghdadi the head of ISIS, one of the world's most dangerous terrorists. He reframed from going after the Iranian take down. of our drone. He refrained from when the Iranians fired on Saudi Aramco. and took off 20% of our oil, right? He's been very, very selective. about the use of American power. He did go after the Houthis, who are Iran backed, and were using Iranian missiles to go after our ships. - That's not true. Those are North Korean missiles. completely debunked by "Jane's Defense Weekly.".

- Nice try. - Yeah, nice try. Anyway, everybody knows that the Iranians. have been financing the Houthis. Hezbollah's been training the Houthis, and Iran has given capabilities to the Houthis. to develop their own indigenous missile capability. The fact of matter is he did in a way. go after the Houthis much more intensively than Biden did. In order to prevent them from continuing to shut down. Red Sea shipping on which both America and our allies depend.

as a trade route. He actually did it quite successfully. because after a few days of pretty intensive bombing, the Houthis got the message. and they cut a deal with Donald Trump. They're not gonna interfere with our ships anymore. - He cut a deal with them. They kept bombing Israel, which is what got him involved in the first place. He completely backed out. Sounds to me like they won, and he backed down. - Well, it sounds like in terms of promoting. American national security interests, sounds like he did a pretty good job. of sending a message to the Houthis. and the Iranians, don't dare mess with the United States. And that gets us to the contemporary reality. He took a decision one day on one day.

to send our B2s and our subs in order to severe damage. to three nuclear facilities. It was a one day campaign. It was selective. It was narrow, it was overwhelming. And I think it sends a message to Khamenei, I think it sends a message to regimes around the world, anti-American regimes around the world, that Donald Trump has not overlearned the lessons. of the past 20 years, right? But that in fact, he is not going to dismantle.

the US military and dismantle our nuclear program. and fly around to all these cities. and call peace conferences. and hope that these dictators will just sit down. with America and say, you know what? All is forgiven United States of America. It's all your fault. You did this all. We admit our responsibility. And then we have peace and paradise on earth. I think Trump is much more pragmatic. and in some respects cynical.

When he looks at the world. and he realizes the world is a dangerous place. I have to be very careful. about how I use American military forces. I am not gonna send hundreds of thousands of people. around the world. By the way, I mean, we all talk about Israel. I mean, the Israelis are one of the best allies. we could possibly have. They fight and they die in their own defense. They fought multiple wars against American enemies. They haven't asked for American troops on the ground. There are no boots on the ground in Israel defending Israel. The best we've given them is we've given them a THAAD system.

to help them shoot down ballistic missiles. that have aimed at them. And our American pilots have been in the air recently. with our Israeli friends shooting down ballistic missiles. But the Israelis have had a warrior ethos. We will fight and we will die in our own defense. I would just say, if you're gonna actually build out a model. where you're gonna minimize the risk to American troops, let's find more allies like that, right? I worry about, I'm like Scott, I really worry about China and Taiwan.

I really, really worry about that. because the Taiwanese are not capable. of defending themselves without US assistance. And we may have to send American men and women. to go defend Taiwan. And we can have a whole debate about the wisdom of that. But again, it would be very, very helpful. to have more Israels in the world, more countries that are capable of fighting. against common enemies and against common threats. without having to always put American boots. on the ground in order to do that. - So you made a case for, if it's okay, you made a case for strength here.

Just practically speaking, Trump has talked about peace a lot? Why do you think he hasn't been able to get to a ceasefire. with Ukraine and Russia, for example, if we just move away from Iran? Without getting into the history of the whole thing. Like why he's been talking peace, peace, peace, peace, peace. He's been pushing it and pushing it. What can we learn about that so far failure. That's also instructive for Iran. - Look, I'm not a Russia expert. I'm not a Ukraine expert. I'm sitting in front of two people.

who know a lot more about that conflict than I do, I think-. - You are, we should say banned by Putin. - [Mark] I am, I have been sanctioned by Russia and by Iran. - By sanctioned yes. - [Mark] Yes. Banned, sanctioned. Threatened. - Congratulations. - Thank you. Thank you. Well, it causes some difficulties. But anyway, I think the answer to that is that for Putin, he needs to understand that like Khamenei, he is two options here, right? Option one, which President Trump has signaled.

over and over and over again is come sit down. and negotiate a ceasefire with the Ukrainians. I don't wanna get into the details and the back and forth. about who's responsible for the fact. there's no ceasefire Putin or Zelenskyy. I mean, that's a whole other debate. and I'm sure you guys have a lot of opinions on that. But path one is sit down. and let's negotiate a ceasefire . Path two is the United States will use American power. in order to build our leverage. so that Vladimir Putin understands.

that he has to do a ceasefire. Now, I'm not suggesting US troops, absolutely not. What I am suggesting is there's a package right now. of sanctions that have 88 co-sponsors in the Senate. across party lines. And I think Trump is using that. and will use that as a sort of sword of Damocles. hanging over Putin in the Russian economy. to say, look, if Vladimir, we either do a ceasefire. or I'm gonna have no choice. but to have to start imposing much more punishing sanctions. on you and on the Russian economy.

So I think there's an economic option. I think there's a military option. And I think the biggest mistake Biden made, in this whole war, and there's many mistakes. in terms of signaling not having us credibility, you know, Afghan debacle, which signaled to Putin. that he could invade without any kind of American response. Is he kind of went in and he tied Ukraine's hands. behind their back. I mean, he actually tied one hand behind their back. while they were fighting with the other hand. And he refused to give him the kinds of systems.

that early on in the war would've allowed. the Ukrainian military to be able to hit Russian forces. that were mobilizing on the Russian Ukrainian border. And I think if he had done that, I think this war would've ended sooner. There'd be far more, less casualties. And I think Putin would then understand. maybe I need to strike a deal. I'm not a Russia expert or Ukraine expert. I don't know what the deal looks like. You keep the Donbas, you keep Crimea, you keep, you know, larger chunks of Eastern Ukraine. That's for smarter people than me on this issue.

to decide what the deal looks like. But there's no doubt today Putin thinks. that he can just keep fighting, keep killing Ukrainians, keep driving forward. Eventually he's gonna wear down the Ukrainians. through a sheer war of attrition. He'll throw hundreds of thousands of Russians at this. He doesn't care how many Russians are gonna die. That's the way that Russians and the Soviets. have fought wars for many, many years. Just endless number of Russian bodies. being thrown into the meat grinder. And he thinks he can continue without any consequences. And I worry that as a result of the fact. that we are not showing Putin, that we've got leverage,

it's made war more likely, it's made a war more brutal. and it's gonna make a war more protracted. - But increasing military aid to Ukraine. in the case that you described, also has to be coupled. with extreme pressure to make peace. - Correct. Extreme pressure to make peace. - Which Trump hopefully is, appears to be doing now in Iran. - I think Trump is early... I mean, it's interesting you said that. 'cause he's early indicators, again, who knows where the ceasefire goes.

But I think it was important, he slapped Khamenei, but he also said to Bibi, enough, enough. And it's like, okay, now we're going back to Oman. There's gonna be a temporary ceasefire. Now let's negotiate. And I think that's important. And I think it shows that Donald Trump. is leading, not following. It shows that Donald Trump is his own man, not on the payroll of the Russians or the Iranians. or the Israelis or all these other crazy accusations. that have been made about this guy for many, many years.

And he's gonna give, you know, as they say, peace a chance. And he's gonna give a ceasefire chance, is gonna give negotiations a chance. But I'll think he's sending the message to the Iranians. and he needs to send it to Putin, is if you don't take me up on my offer, right? I've already demonstrated that I am serious. and I will use American power carefully and selectively. in the way that I've done in the past. - At the risk of doing the thing I shouldn't do. But just to test the ideas of libertarianism.

and the things we've been talking about. Can we, for brief time, unrelated to everything we've been talking about, talk about World War II. what was the right thing to do in 1938, 1939? Like what would you do? Okay, to be clear, World War II has nothing to do with the current events. In fact, many of the horrible policies of the United States, in my opinion, have to do with projecting World War II. onto every single conflict in the world, okay.

- I agree. - [Lex] But. - Overlearning, overlearning. - Overlearning. But it is an interesting extreme case. Just to clarify, I'm just like philosophically talking about, at which point do you do military intervention? And that's a nice case. Maybe you have a better case study, but that's such an extreme one. That it's interesting. - We're talking about Germany or Japan? - Germany side. Yeah. - So, Japan attacked us and Germany declared war on us. Tough for them. And that's what happens when you declare war.

on the United States, you get hit, but-. - That was an idiotic on the part of Hitler. to declare war in the United States. - You know, I never understood why he ever did that. They always said it was just 'cause he was crazy. But what it was is he was trying to get the Japanese. to invade the Soviet Union from the East. and in order to divide Stalin's forces, which failed and it didn't work. And it was a huge blunder from his point of view I guess. - Philosophically, from an interventionism perspective, you're saying United States should have stayed out. from that war as long as possible until they're attacked? - Yes, I mean, and look at how powerful they ended up being.

and the amount of damage that they were able to inflict. on the Soviets better than than us. - What do you think? It's just useful discussion. - It's interesting. I mean, think it's interesting of sort-. - [Lex] Philosophically. - You know, libertarianism. or isolationism in practice. I mean, I think the '30's are more interesting to me. than what happened between '39 and '45. I think the debate in America was very interesting. in the '30's, where there was really a strong. isolationist movement, you know, with Charles Lindbergh.

and Henry Ford and Father Coughlin and many. - [Scott] And Joe Kennedy. - Yeah, and Joe Kennedy. I mean they defined themselves as sort of America Firsters, but it was very much an isolationist strain. And I think, you know, we can talk about that history. - [Scott] Coughlin was a new dealer, not a right winger. - Anyway, very much an isolationist, talking about America having to stay out. of these entangling alliances. This is not our war. Emotionally understandable, right? Because you can also overlearn the lessons. of World War I, right? And I think they overlearnt the lessons of World War I.

I mean, which was a brutal war. and a devastating war, mostly for Europe, but obviously for the United States. We lost thousands of American men and women. So the '30's was this big debate between. those who saw the gathering storm of what was happening. with Nazi Germany and those who wanted to keep America out. And I think in some respects, it's like today. with a contemporary reality with Khamenei, is that because these isolationist voices were so prominent. and so vocal, and in some cases quite persuasive.

to American leaders, Hitler calculated that the United States. would not enter the war. And so he could do what Scott says, he could focus on the eastern front, he could gather his forces, and then he could do a kill shot. on the Western democracies in Western Europe. And the United States would not intervene. I mean, you're right, the big mistake he makes. is declaring war in the United States after Pearl Harbor. But he believes all through the '30's.

and before Pearl Harbor, that the isolationist voices are keeping FDR. from entering the war, even while Churchill and the Brits and the French. and others are imploring the Americans, not only... Just to provide them with material support. with weapons so that they could hold onto the island. and defend themselves. And I think Hitler miscalculates. In the same way, I think Khamenei miscalculates. Khamenei heard the debate over the past number of years. He believed that this sort of isolationist wing.

of the Republican party, right, represented I think in, you know, by Tucker Carlson. and others who have been very anti intervention. with respect to Iran. I think he believed that that was the dominant voice. within Trump's MAGA coalition. And that as a result, the United States. would not use military force. So in the same way that Hitler miscalculated the influence. of the isolationists on FDR. Khamenei misjudged the influence of the isolationists.

on Trump, and both ended up miscalculating. to their great regret. So to me, that's the sort of parallel. between kind of World War II in the '30's. and the prelude to World War II. and what we're seeing in the current reality. over the past few weeks. - To make clear, you mentioned there's a parallel, but mostly there's no parallel. It's a fundamentally different. - [Mark] Absolutely. - There will never be a war like that. And I have-. - It's a real problem too. 'Cause they always say everybody's Hitler, all enemies are Hitler. And to compromise with them at all is to appease Hitler. And you can never do that.

- [Mark] Agreed. - And they do that to Manuel Noriega, to David Koresh, to Saddam Hussein, to whoever they feel like demonizing and saying-. - Hitler was unique to people. - Too crazy to negotiate with, when let's get real. And I think we're agreed about this, probably. That, right, in 2002 W. Bush could have just sent. Colin Powell, the four star general. former chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Secretary of State, to read the riot act to Saddam Hussein. and tell him, look man, you help keep Al-Qaeda down and we'll let you live. And everything would've been fine.

And in fact, just like Saddam Hussein, and there's a great article by James Risen. - I don't agree. - [Scott] Hang on, hang on. - Not surprisingly. - There's an article by James Risen, in "The New York Times,". and there's another one by Seymour Hersh as well, about how Saddam Hussein offered to give in on everything. He said, you want a search for weapons of mass destruction, you can send your Army and FBI everywhere you want, you want us to switch sides. in the Israel-Palestine conflict. We'll stop backing Hamas. You want us to hold elections? We'll hold elections, just give us a couple years. If this is about the oil, we'll sign over mineral rights.

This is James Risen, "New York Times.". They sent an emissary to meet with Richard Pearl in London. that was who was the chair of the Defense Policy Board. and was a major ring leader. of getting us into a Iraq War II. And then they, I don't know why, this is a real mistake. You wanna talk about (indistinct) mistakes, why does he always send his guys to meet with Richard Pearl? Because there was a Saudi businessman, or pardon me, Lebanese businessman I think. that they tried to get to intervene as well, who again offered virtually total capitulation. And Pearl told him, tell Saddam, we'll see you in Baghdad.

After he was attempting to essentially. unconditionally surrender. The same thing happened with Iran in 2003, right after America invaded. They issue what was called the golden offer, which the Bush administration buried. And they castigated the Swiss ambassador. who had delivered it, but in the golden offer. And you can find the PDF file of it online. They talk about, we are happy to negotiate with you. our entire nuclear program, which didn't even really exist yet. But nuclearization, we're willing to negotiate. with you about Afghanistan and Iraq.

because again, they hated Saddam Hussein. and wanted rid of him too. So they're perfectly happy to work with us. on Afghanistan and Iraq. And they had captured a bunch of Bin Ladenites, and they were willing to trade them for the MEK. And that included one of Bin Laden's sons. and another guy named Atef, both of whom the Iranians held under house arrest for years. And it was only in the, I think late Obama. - And they're giving refuge to Al-Qaeda. And the CIA said, this is a key facilitation pipeline. between Iran and Al-Qaeda, quote unquote.

- [Scott] They're willing to negotiate-. - Each facilitation pipeline-. - Between these dangerous Bin Ladenites and the MEK. And America refused to negotiate that. And it was years later when the Bin Ladenites. abducted some Iranian diplomats in Pakistan, that they then traded them away to get their diplomats back. And Atef, I think Bin Laden's son ended up being killed. not long after that, Hamza, and Atef too. But both of those dangerous terrorists were released. and were involved in terrorism between then.

and the time that they were later killed. I think within a couple of years of that. So the hawks always like to say, oh yeah, Iran gives such aid and comfort to Al-Qaeda and all that. There's a great document at the Counter-Terrorism Center. at West Point, where they debunk all of that. - Yeah, there's a 9/11 report by the 9/11 Commission. There's a 9/11 Commission report. People can Google it, which talks about the cooperation. between Iran and Al-Qaeda. - Only in Bosnia when they were doing a favor. for Bill Clinton. Beyond that, and CIA released thousands of pages.

of classified material that they declassified. showing the relationship between Iran and Al-Qaeda, the US Treasury Department under Obama. and under Trump actually designated. a number of Iranian individuals for facilitating Al-Qaeda. So anyway, I mean these are important facts, but I actually-. - You mentioned Baghdadi and Soleimani in the same breath. a minute ago when they're deadly enemies. And it was Soleimani's Shiite forces in Iraq War III. that helped the destroy-. - [Mark] An enemy of my enemy is my friend. - With America flying air power for them.

- The greatest era that we've made in the Middle East. is this notion, not the greatest, but one of the greatest, is this sort of conceptual era that somehow Sunnis and Shias. don't work together and Iran doesn't work. - [Scott] Well, I didn't that. - I'm not saying you say that, but many people think that, and of course they do work, they hate each other, but of course they work together 'cause they hate us more. But can I just say something Lex? 'Cause I actually think just stepping back. from like all of this detail. - The more we start to zoom out now the better. - Yeah. I'd like to zoom out a little bit. Look, I think the lessons for me.

over 22 years on working on these issues is one must learn. about the mistakes that we've made in Iraq. and in Afghanistan, in Libya, okay? One was learn about the mistakes. that we made in Vietnam. Mistakes that we made in World War II. - So we can make them all over again in Iran this time. - Can I finish or go are you good? - [Scott] Yeah, I'm ready. - Alright. So I think that what President Trump is trying to do. is learn but not overlearn, right? I think he understands the mistakes that have been made. I think he's trying to rectify those mistakes.

And he also understands that American power is important. It is a force for good in the world. Even though we have made major mistakes, I think there's a great danger amongst certain people. to believe that no power should ever be exercised. That all American power is a bad thing. and a destructive thing. And sometimes to confuse major tactical decisions, right? That have been made, whether it's been made by the Brits.

in World War II or the Americans or us. or whoever it is in whatever war. But the fact that there is a strategic reality. that we always have to be conscious about. and that we have enemies, right? This is not the Garden of Eden yet, I hope the libertarians create one. I wanna go live there when they do. And Scott and I will be neighbors, believe it not. Living in that Garden of Eden together. But there are major threats in this world, and we need to find the right balance between the overuse.

of military power and the underuse of military power. If we wanna avoid wars, we have to have serious deterrence. because our enemies need to understand, we will use selective and narrowly focused. overwhelming military power when we are facing threats. like an Iranian nuclear weapon. That is a serious threat. It's a serious threat to us. It's a serious threat to the region. It's a serious threat with respect to proliferation. around the world. And I think with that respect, I think President Trump's decision to drop bombs. on three key nuclear facilities was a selective,

targeted military action. that I hope will drive the Iranians. back to the negotiating table. where they can negotiate finally. the dismantlement of their nuclear weapons program, right? I think there's danger, don't have danger. Again, we've had a four hour debate on this, so I'm sure if you wanna rewind, you can listen to all our arguments once again. But the fact of the matter is, is that our unwillingness to use power, if we're never gonna use power,

all that's gonna do is send a signal to our enemies. that they can do whatever they want. They can violate whatever agreements they want, they can use aggression against anyone they want. And I think that puts American lives in danger. And we've seen the results of that where we delayed. and delayed and delayed and we didn't move. and we didn't move too early and we didn't preempt. and the threat grew and we ignored the gathering storm. And so I think the lessons of, you know, a 100 years. of American military involvement is, if you have an opportunity early on,

as the storm is gathering. to use all instruments of American power. with the military, one being the last one you use, then deter when you can and strike when you must. in order to prevent the kinds of escalation and wars. that everybody at this table, and I'm sure everybody listening in your audience. is seeking to avoid. - On that topic. Question for both of you, Scott. If human civilization destroys itself in the next 75 years, it probably most likely will be a World War III.

type of scenario, maybe a nuclear war. How do we avoid that? We've been talking about Iran, but there'll be new conflicts. There's Ukraine, China. - Kashmir. - [Lex] Kashmir. - North Korea. - [Lex] Yeah. - Don't forget North Korea. - Yeah, I mean, there was a time when North Korea. was the biggest threat to human civilization, accordingly to-. - We could have had a deal except John Bolton ruined it. - So that's the bigger question, not so much in the specifics.

- Oh, I mean, the second time he ruined the Clinton deal. of '94, then he ruined the Trump deal of 2018. - Maybe the North Korean dictator ruined it. But again, when one doesn't wanna blame our enemies. for their mistakes. - Well, you know at the second meeting. Trump sent John Bolton to Outer Mongolia. So that he couldn't sit at the table and ruin the deal. But what happened then? The Democrats had his lawyer testify against him. while he was at the meeting. And they had this huge propaganda campaign. that Kim Jong Un is gonna walk all over Trump. and take such advantage of him. And they made it virtually impossible.

for him to walk away claiming a victory. - Scott, do you ever blame the enemy ever? Do you ever blame the enemy? - North Korea is not my enemy. - North Korea is not your enemy. - No. - Really? They build nuclear weapons. ICBMs that targeted America. - That's George Bush and John Bolton's fault. I already said that. - Well, whoever's fault it is, the fact of the matter is, do you ever, ever blame an American adversary. or is it always our fault? - In fact, what happened was-. - Is it always our fault. - See, all you can do is characterize,

but you don't wanna talk about the details. The details are that Stephen Biegun, who worked for Donald Trump, gave a speech. and said, you know what, we can put normalization first. and denuclearization later. - I know him very well. - And then Donald Trump brought John Bolton to the meeting. and he prevented that from being the message of the meeting. - So it's always- - And ruined the deal. - Always John Bolton's fault. - Yes, that's right, it's all John Bolton's fault. because how reasonable does this sound to you Lex? - It's the lobby fault. - Give up all your nuclear weapons first,

then we'll talk about every other issue. Does that sound like a poisoned pill. or that sounds like a reasonable negotiation, gimme a break. - Sounds like a beginning of a negotiation. - But yeah. Well, they got nowhere, because Trump brought John Bolton. with him and helped to ruin it. - And maybe they went nowhere. because the North Korean dictator at the end of the day, is a dictator who wants to threaten the United States. with ICBMs and nuclear. Listen, you're criticizing the se the sequential decisions. made in negotiation. I'm asking you a serious question after hours of talking.

Which I must say I've really enjoyed. I've learned a lot. - I enjoyed it. - I think there's been areas of agreement, obviously real disagreement. But here's the question to you, like really, I mean, do you ever, ever hold our adversaries responsible. or do you just don't think we have any adversaries? - This is ridiculous. The topic has been from your point of view, it's all the adversaries and all America and Israel. trying to do is survive. and fix the situation the best they can.

- I think I've acknowledged American mistakes. - And I'm refuting that by bringing up all the things. that America and Israel have done to make matters worse. I didn't ever say that Ayatollah Is some great guy. or that Kim Jong Un is some hero or like any kind of thing. - But do you think there is spin for America? Are they a threat to America? - No, of course not. As the Zbigniew Brzezinski said-. - They're not threat to America. - In 1993, we could have perfectly normalized relations then. You talk about Iranian support for Al-Qaeda. Iran supported Al-Qaeda in Bosnia. - That's the bottom line. - In 1995 as a favor. to Bill Clinton. 'Cause they were trying to suck up to the United States.

is why they supported Al-Qaeda. - I understand it. Your position. Your position. - Yes, my my position is whatever you say it is. not what I say. - No, no, I'm trying to summarize. - You know, who's the last person. who told me I need to be aware about over learning. the lessons of Iraq? It was Charlie Savage from "The New York Times,". when on the subject was his absolute ridiculous hoax. that Russia was paying the Taliban. to murder American soldiers in Afghanistan in 2020, which ruined Trump's potential, which he was floating trial balloons about withdrawing.

in the summer of 2020. Which would've absolutely-. - Scott, you said it- - The Joe Biden era. of catastrophe and Charlie Savage. who published these ridiculous lies, that were later refuted by the general. in charge of the Afghan War, the head of CENTCOM, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs staff, and the director of Central Intelligence. - As much detail as possible. - He told me, you know what your problem is Horton? Is you have overlearn the lessons of Iraq War II. But it turned out those lessons were perfectly apt. for Charlie Savage's hoax. It wasn't true what Charlie Savage said,

you know, what he resorted to? He said, "Well, it's true that there was a rumor. I was reporting on.". - Scott, you made it very clear. America has no adversaries. - That's called learning the lessons of Iraq, not overlearning. - All right, so I guess the answer to the question I asked, about avoid a World War III, is the two of you becoming friends? That's my goal. If we can try to find the light at the end of the tunnel. One last question. What gives you hope to the degree of hope about the future? What gives you hope about this great country of ours?

And humanity too. - Yeah, I mean, look, there are a million wonderful things. about this country. The land, the people, our culture. and our resources and everything. And the kind of society that we could build. not with a controlled system, but with just a pure free market capitalist system. in this country where people are allowed. to own their property and prove its value. and exchange it on the market. and build this country up. We would be living in comparatively.

a paradise compared to what we have now. And if you look at the opportunity costs, just since the end of the Cold War. on all that has been wasted on militarism. in the Middle East especially, but also in Eastern Europe and in East Asia. All of that wealth put here could have gone much more. to something like perfecting our society. It's always an unfinished project. so that then we really have something to point. to the rest of the world and say,

this is how you're supposed to do it, not like that. I think it's crucial that for all of the problems. that Somalia, Syria, Libya, Iraq, Afghanistan have, the worst thing about those countries. is America's wars there. It's what we have done to them. is the worst thing about those places. So we're not much of a position to criticize, you know, whatever horrible and political practices, you know, cultural and things about their societies.

that we would like to criticize when the worst chaos. that's happened to them has been inflicted. by our country against them virtually all in wars. of choice that we're unnecessary from the get-go. - What gives you hope? - What gives me hope? I think first of all, I have a lot of hope. and confidence in the wisdom of the American people. I think Americans understand at the end of the day. that they need leaders. who are about making America great again. I think they elected Donald Trump,

who is flawed in many, many ways. But I think Trump is wrestling with some of the questions. that we have been wrestling with for the past five hours. I think most Americans know that we have adversaries. and you know, it's just overwhelming numbers of Americans. understand that, they may disagree. on exactly who is an adversary and how you rank them, but they know we have adversaries. I think the third thing is Americans greatly admire. the men and women in uniform. I mean, I think the institution.

with the greatest popularity in America. still remains the US military. While many of other institutions. are failing the American people. and are reflected in the polling, I think we've gotta be very judicious about. how we use this incredibly powerful military. 'Cause most importantly, it comes down to, it's not about weapons and technology's about the people, it's about the men and women who have sacrificed. their lives to serve our country. At the end of the day, if we understand we have adversaries, we're careful about how we use our military.

We understand the importance of for deterrence. in order to actually confront threats. before they become so severe. that we ended up plunging ourselves into war. I agree totally with Scott in terms of how we use our money. and how judiciously we have to guard it. I agree with how we've run up these massive debts. and we have to be actually... If we're serious and conservatives are really serious, they need to stop. They need to tackle these massive budgets, deficits. And you know, it would be really easy.

if it was just all about the military. and we could just kind of get rid of the Pentagon. and all of a sudden we'd be running balanced budgets. That's not the case, we have much deeper structural economic problems. in this country and everybody knows that. And so we got huge challenges as a country. But I really believe, as I believed since I was a little kid, that America is the greatest force for good in the world. And that we make mistakes, sometimes tragic mistakes. We make huge miscalculations. And I think we will be much more clear.

in how to rectify those mistakes if we stop obsessing. with these boogeymen that are out there, the Israelis, the Jews, the influencers-. - [Scott] The Iranians. - Well, and we start focusing on our adversaries, which are not the Iranians. 'Cause 80% of Iranians despise this regime. And you know, Lex, I feel really bad that in five hours. We actually haven't even talked about that in any detail. - Many of my friends are Iranian. They're beautiful people. And as one of the great cultures on earth, yeah. - And you know, the only place they don't succeed. in the world is inside the Islamic Republic.

When they come to America and Canada and Europe, they're incredibly successful people. And 80% of Iranians despise this regime. and they long for a free and prosperous Iran. And so it's a big question. that they're ever gonna get there. And who knows the right way to get them there. But at the end of the day, I am convinced. that the vast majority of Iranians are our friends. But there is a regime. that has been trying to build nuclear weapons, has been engaged in terrorism for decades, has killed and maimed thousands of Americans.

and our allies. And it's a regime that has to be stopped. And I think Donald Trump in the past couple of weeks, I would argue in the past number of months, has tried to play a strategy, try to figure out a way. to offer the Iranians negotiations. and a peaceful solution to this, but use overwhelming military power recently. against Iran's nuclear sites in a very targeted way. in order to send a message to the Islamic Republic of Iran. that they cannot continue. to build nuclear weapons and threaten America.

And so I hope that things will work out well on this. I've always said, curb your enthusiasm. 'Cause we have still a lot of pieces. that still need to fall into place. And this is going to be a windy road. as we try to figure this out. I'm hoping for the best, preparing for the worst. And wanna thank you very much for having me on the show, Scott, it was a real pleasure to meet you. I enjoyed the debate, very lively. I admire your dedication to the issue. and your attention to detail.

And I think all of that speaks well of you. and your commitment and your passion for this, so thank you. - I am deeply grateful that you guys will come here. This is really mind blowing, also that you have, it's silly maybe to say, but the courage to sit down. and talk through this, through the tension. I've learned a lot, I think a lot of people. are going to learn a lot, a fan of both of your work. And it means a lot that you'll come here today.

and talk to a silly kid like me. So Scott, thank you so much, brother. - [Lex] Thank you, Mark. - Thanks Lex appreciate it. - [Lex] Bam. - Thanks Scott. - Thanks for listening to this debate. between Scott Horton and Mark Dubowitz. To support this podcast, please check out our sponsors. in the description and consider subscribing to this channel. And now let me leave you with some sobering words. on the cost of war from Dwight D. Eisenhower. For some context, Eisenhower was the 34th president of the United States.

But before that, during World War II, he was the Supreme Commander. of the Allied Expeditionary Force. Orchestrating some of the most significant. military operations of the war. With leadership marked by strategic and tactical brilliance. It's in this context that the following words. carry even more power and wisdom. Spoken in 1953. "Every gun that is made, every warship launched, every rocket fired,

signifies in the final sense, a theft. from those who hunger and are not fed. Those who are cold and are not clothed. This world and arms is not spending money alone. It is spending the sweat of its laborers, the genius of a scientist, the hopes of its children. The cost of one modern heavy bomber is this, a modern brick school in more than 30 cities. It is two electric power plants.

each serving a town of 60,000 population. It is two fully equipped hospitals. It is on 50 miles of concrete highway. We pay for a single fighter plane. with a half million bushels of wheat. We pay for a single destroyer with new homes. that could have housed more than 8,000 people. This is not a way of life at all in any true sense. Under the cloud of threatening war.

It is humanity hanging from a cross of iron.". And now allow me to have some additional brief excerpts. In 1946, Eisenhower said, "I hate war. As only a soldier who has lived it can. Only as one who has seen its brutality, its futility, its stupidity.". In 1950, Eisenhower said, "Possibly my hatred of war blinds me. so that I cannot comprehend the arguments they adduce.

But in my opinion, there's no such thing. as a preventative war. Although the suggestion is repeatedly made, none has yet explained how war prevents war. Worse than this, no one has been able to explain away. the fact that war creates the conditions that beget war.". And finally, an excerpt from Eisenhower's farewell address. in 1961 on the military industrial complex. "A vital element in keeping the peace.

is our military establishment. Our arms must be mighty, ready for instant action, so that no potential aggressor may be tempted. to risk his own destruction. American makers of plowshares could with time. and as required, make swords as well. But now we can no longer risk emergency improvisation. of national defense. We have been compelled to create. a permanent armaments industry of vast proportions.

This conjunction of an immense military establishment. and a large arms industry is new in the American experience. Yet we must not fail to comprehend its grave implications. In the councils of government. We must guard against an acquisition. of unwarranted influence, whether sought or unsought. by the military industrial complex. The potential for the disastrous rise. of misplaced power exists and will persist.".

- Thank for listening. And hope to see you next time.